Chapter Two Review Of Literature - 1584 Words

Chapter Two: Review of Literature Teachers in the United States are facing a new challenge. According to Capps (2007), at the time of the 2000 census, there were 3 million foreign born children in the United States and one fifth of the students in public schools were children of immigrants. This trend is expected to continue and even increase. In 2004, approximately 11% of the student population was identified as English language learners. This is a 60% increase from 1994 (Conger, 2008). Immigration has always been part of the United States, however, the new influx of immigrants brings with it new challenges. The latest wave of immigrants bring with them not only language differences, but they also bring with them religious and†¦show more content†¦Many students also have limited access to literacy skills at home, poor vocabularies, poor oral fluency, and often come from low socioeconomic backgrounds (Yesil-Dagli, 2011). In the past there was not a lot of emphasis on the pre-kindergarten years. Today , experts recognize the first five years of a child’s life as a time for enormous growth of linguistic, conceptual, and social competence (Pikulski, 2005). Yesli-Dagil (2011) found that the majority of research on literacy skills has been done with non-English language student populations or populations that had English language learners involved but there was no differentiation between the two groups. This research was then generalized to the English language student population, not taking into account that they may learn differently. The early years of a child’s life have a profound influence on that child’s language and vocabulary development, which greatly influences school success (Pikulski Templeton, 2004) Often times English language families do not have the resources in their homes to help develop literacy. Even though English language students go through many of the same stages of literacy development as their English speaking counterparts, it is typically in their native language and in turn they are exposed to less English language and literacy before entering schools. Linguistic

foolear A Fool for a King in William Shakespeares King...

A Fool for a King in King Lear In Shakespeares play King Lear, the main character, King Lear, is presented as a respected and powerful king. As the story progresses the king loses his power because of his own stupidity and blindness. The tragedy of this play is shown chiefly through the actions of Lear’s daughters, which lead to Lear’s bout with insanity, and through the words of the Fool. At the beginning of the play, King Lear appears as a powerful and well-loved ruler. He explains his intention to abdicate and divide his kingdom among his three daughters, giving the largest segment to the daughter who convinces him that she loves him most (Boyce 343). Goneril is the first to lie, Sir, I love you more†¦show more content†¦The king is very upset by Cordelia whom he loved best of all his daughters. Tragically, Cordelia, who truly loves her father, is disinherited, and the kingdom is divided between her two greedy sisters. Giving the land to Goneril and Regan is the first of Lears mistakes, for the selfish daughters do not love him as much as Cordelia does, but merely wish to have his riches. Goneril and Regan decide to control their elderly father so he won’t eventually caste them off as he did Cordelia. They begin to speak disrespectfully of him, referring to him publicly as the â€Å"Idle old man† (I.iii.17). They take steps to ensure that Lear lose any power that he still retains, the first step being to diminish the ranks of his followers: â€Å"What, fifty of my followers at a clap† (I.iv.300)? Lear had proposed to his daughters that he and one hundred knights would live for one month at a time with each daughter. When Goneril breaks the bargain, Lear laments, â€Å"How sharper than a serpent’s tooth it is / To have a thankless child† (I.iv.280-281). He then turns to Regan who is also adamant that he releases his knights. In despair, Lear cries, â€Å"Yo u see me here, you gods, a poor old man, / As full of grief as age; wretched in both† (II.iv.306-307). The great tragedy here is that, despite Lear’s generosity and his love for his daughters, both daughters betray him and neither is willing to shelter him. TheyShow MoreRelated foolear Role of the Fool in William Shakespeares King Lear803 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of the Fool in William Shakespeares King Lear In the play King Lear, by William Shakespeare, there are many intriguing characters. Perhaps the most intriguing of them all is the fool. The fool seems to exist outside the play appearing and disappearing without warning. The fool is, however, a necessary character to the evolution of Lears character, since he is the personification of truth and reason. The fool serves to show Lear how he is going insane, as well as to attempt to delay

Social Psychology and Evaluation

Question: Discuss about the Social Psychology and Evaluation. Answer: Introduction Social psychology mainly focuses on the understanding of why individuals behave and think in different social situations. This involves the imagined and actual preference on all these facts. Social psychology can, therefore, be defined as the scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and cause of individual behaviors and thoughts (Higgins and Kruglanski,2007 )Social psychology seeks to accomplish this goal through the use of scientific methods by considering the fact that social behavior is influenced by a wide range of social cognitive, environment, culture and biological factors. Psychologists focus on thoughts, emotions, behavior and conscious experience (Deaux Snyder, 2012) Description of two personal experiences or observations and experiences that exemplify the social psychological principles or phenomena Principles may be used use to mean ways to understand the world while on the other hand, phenomena may be used to mean knowledge, situations, events or experiences that we gain over the cause of our lives hence helping us learn (Sanderson, 2010). As an individual, I have had a couple of experiences and observations both on my behaviors and others behaviors. As noted in the introduction, social psychology focuses on emotions, thoughts, behavior and personal experiences but all come from a situation or event that took place. Hence the situation that i faced or which was faced by another person faced was the cause of the resultant behavior. Withdrawal is a phenomenon of social psychology that many people go through. It takes place because of different experiences (Charlsmith Gross,1969)For instance, when I lost my brother who was do dear to me, I felt like they world had come to an end. When one loses someone close to them, a lot of things go through his/her mind and that is exactly what happened to me. The loss was quite traumatizing, and this led to withdrawal. I stayed all alone behind closed doors thinking, wondering and asking why me? I felt like had come to the end. He had been sick the better part of his life, but I never thought of him dying. I knew he would get better some day and come back home. But at this time he wasnt going to come back. He was dead. I would lock close myself in my room and cry all day. My behavior changed completely. That was my interpretation of death (Fiske, 2010) As noted above, social psychology deals with human behavior and the mental process. The brain must be involved and therefore lead to a certain behavior (Delamater Ward, 2013).In my thoughts I thought that my life could not continue without my brother and therefore I behaved in a way likely to suggest so. I had very bad emotions towards myself, my dead brother and everyone else around me. My second observation was where I witnessed prejudice and domestic violence. Personally, I do not have a spouse, but I have witnessed domestic violence and prejudice of the highest order. I had a female friend and being in a land where theres male dominance, she was likely to face prejudice. Despite this being an issue of the past, it still existed though not as much. My friend was withdrawn because she was looked down upon due to her gender. She never felt easy being close to males because she feared prejudice and thought she was inferior. However, she met a man who by then thought otherwise of her and adored her. One thing led to the other and they got married. After a short while, everything changed. Her husband started becoming violent. Marriage is an act that changes the opinion and behavior of the other. I expected changes from both sides but in a positive way. Apart from fighting other wars outside, she had to fight to save her marriage. She felt lonely and with no one to conf ide in. She couldnt share her worries with me because according to her, I would be of little help. She had gone through a lot of stress from childhood and only when she thought she could get through it after getting married it turned out not to be(Heatherton.2010). The two experiences and observations let to a common phenomenon- withdrawal and as the definition of social psychology suggest that they all involved emotions, thoughts behaviors and experiences. Description and explanation of the theory that is closest to the personal experiences. Field theory of behavior. This theory was pioneered by Kurt Lewin in the period between during 1930s and 1940s. The theory was based on the argument that people subjective interpretation of events in the social setup drove their social behavior. This was a whole new perspective in social psychology. For example, as pointed in my experience, whether I decided to stay withdrawn all my life due to my brothers death, it all depended on two things, one, my subjective guess about my chances of feeling better or two, the benefits of staying locked and crying. By emphasizing subjective interpretations, Lewin didnt mean to imply that no objective reality existed instead; he emphasized the interaction between events in the situations and persons interpretation. Lewin believed that a persons interpretation of a situation also related to his or her goals at the time (fiske,2010)The emphasis on the interpretation between inner experience and outside world led to a close association between social psychology and cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology studies the mental process involved in noticing, interpreting, judging and remembering events in the environment. This theory is based on four main principles. The person, how a person behaves is seen as a reflection of the environment that he or she perceives, the environment which is defined as the situation in which an individual perceives and acts, behavior which is the action of the person as a result of the change in the environment and life space which is a combination of all efforts that influence an individuals behavior at any time. An application of the theory provided and supporting empirical research to the real world observation together with an evaluation of the fit of the theory of real life. A supporting research of this was conducted to explore how one's reactions to any social event can be influenced by cognitive factors such as attention and memory. Such experiment involved seeking the opinion on their ability to earn big salaries and amass a lot of wealth and the importance they placed on this possibility. Students were then supposed to respond to the question in the presence of members of the opposite sex or those of the same sex (Cook,1985)It was found out that the opinion of girls was not affected by the presence of boys, while the presence of girls made boys to exaggerate the value that they placed on wealth. It was also found out that an ad with a beautiful model affected male students at the university than an ad with an old man in the response on financial success. According to the researcher, the response by men after seeing a beautiful woman on in the presence of female students can be attributed to simple cognitive mechanism. Which stimulates the thought on what women desire in men, including financial stability. (Crocker and Mjaor,1989) Social cognitive applies to my experiences and observations in that; it states that persons subjective interpretation of events in the social world is the driving force behind social behavior. For instance, the death of my brother was an objective reality and my interpretation of that event was that it was too painful for me to contain and also to get along with people, therefore, leading to withdrawal. The resulting behavior was as a result of the stressful environment to which I was in at the moment. My interpretation was that it was the end .The hostilities and stresses of my friend were objective realities, but her interpretation was that if she kept quiet, she could save her marriage and reduce the violence and therefore she endured the pain. She also thought that keeping quiet would help her maintain her image and self-esteem. Hence this theory readily applies to my experiences and observations. This then confirms that behaviors depend on our interpretations of events/situation s. This theory can also be applied in real life to evaluate when some people in the society became deviant .It is readily fit to the real life experience because all the principles were at play, it shows how my behavior was influenced by the real life situation that I had experienced .According to me theres no particular discrepancy between the experiences and social cognitive hence the theory and the experiences readily apply and match (Mark, Donaldson Campbell, 2011) Conclusion As per the definition of social psychology, it is therefore possible to say that the society/environment readily affects our mental processes hence leading to different behaviors. people act and behave according to the social situation in which they find themselves. As shown in my personal experience. With a supporting theory and application of the theory to my experience, we can say that the society and social events have an important role to play as regards to our behaviors. It is therefore important to note that individuals are likely to behave differently based on the environments to which they are exposed Reference List Deaux, K., Snyder, M. (2012). The Oxford handbook of personality and social psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Heatherton, T. F. (2010). The social psychology of stigma. New York: Guilford Press Crocker, J. and B. Major (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: the self-protective properties of stigma. Carlsmith, J. M. and A. E. Gross (1969). Some effects of guilt and compliance. Journal of personality and social psychology. Fiske, S. T. (2010). Social beings: A core motives approach to social psychology. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley. Higgins, E. T., Kruglanski, A. W. (2007). Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles. New York [u.a.: Guilford Press. DeLamater, J. D., In Ward, A. (2013). Handbook of social psychology. Cook, S. W. (1985) Experimenting with social issues: the case of school desegregation. American psychologist. Mark, M. M., Donaldson, S. I., Campbell, B. (2011). Social psychology and evaluation. New York: Guilford Press. Sanderson, C. A. (2010). Social psychology. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

The Cathedral by Raymond Carver an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

The Cathedral by Raymond Carver Raymond Carver is a writer who had been an author in which did not have a regular story compared to other writers. He had often placed very different characters in the same story and creates twists for the readers to reflect and analyzes (Rebein, 22-25). In the story cathedral, he does the same thing strategy and makes his readers connect the dots with the lesson he wants them to learn. The story "Cathedral" written by Raymond Carver is not like any typical literature which could be found anywhere. The story is also not a regular tale which could be found any where else due to the shifting of the story, the characters and the theme of the story. It is not often that a literature is pertaining about a religion or belief of any individuals (Parks, 723). Need essay sample on "The Cathedral by Raymond Carver" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed With the story of the Cathedral, the narrator of the story had been very puzzled with different kinds of actions of the blind manRobert. Like what the narrator had said in the story, he had never encountered any blind person in his life. It was only in the movies that he was able to experience and learn about the basics of being blind. But then, he was clear that this is not enough in order for him to realize the real situation of a blind person. In the continuing story of the cathedral, it was kind of unlikely that the narrators wife had kept a deep relationship with a blind man. For a normal person, being close to a blind person is mostly irregular. First, blind persons are not as expressive and as friendly as Robert. Most of them are quiet for the reason that they are trying to feel the aura of the placeif they are not familiar with it. Blind individuals are usually feeling the person that they are with. Usually, they try to sense the person whether he or she is good or bad. On th e other hand, Robert was nothing like others; he was very friendly and has a positive approach towards different kinds of things. Through the writing of the author, it could be felt that Robert is not close to a personality of a blind man. University Students Usually Tell Us:I'm don't want to write my essay online. I want to spend time with my girlfriendEssay writers suggest:Find Your Helping Hand!Essays Already Done For You Cheap Essays Online Essay Company Best Essay Writing Company It was stated that the narrator did not have any clue to what type of person the blind man was. However, he does know that her wife was closely related to him before he even came to their house. As obviously as it seems, the husband was did not think that having the blind man come to their house was something positive for him. He admittedly said that he did not feel good about it due to the past relationship which had taken place with the blind man and his wife. But still, he did not condone the desire of his wife to accept the blind man in their home. Even before the blind man came to their home, the husband have already clarified that he did not see the positive outcome of this visit. Like a typical man who is not open to new things and changes, he did not open the possibility that there was something different with the blind man. The narrator already assumed that the blind man was only someone who was helpless and is so needy that he needed someone to be there for him. In addition , his wife had highlighted to him that the blind man had just lost his wife which meant that he was lonely. But then the story gave a different twist to the character of the blind man. In the course of the story the narrators wife was described to have a close relation with Robert. As noted, she was clutching the blind man on his arm while they were walking. There was also a time in which the wife went out of the car having a big smile on her face in which the husband find very unusual. In the story, the wife did not express any happiness until Robert came to their home. Normally, the woman was having a small talk with her husband but it did not seem as if they had a deep connection unlike she and Robert has. It was also stated that Robert and the wife had a close relationship due to the tapes which they had been recording to one another in order to stay in touch with one another. After the time Robert came into their house, the narrator tried to fit in the friendship of his wife and the blind man. He was trying not to be left out of the conversation they were having. The narrator continuously spurs different thoughts while both of them laughed and mingle with one another (Bullock, 344). In one way or the other, it really seemed that the narrator had become jealous of the action and devotion of his wife to the man whom she had never seen for a decade (Facknitz 290). In some points of the story, the narrator was trying to wait for his name to come out to the mouth of his wife. But then, his wife never mentioned his name but only pertains to him as her husband. Whenever the wife was looking at him it was a look due to irritation or disappointment. There was no loving feeling or a feeling that she adores her husband. Instead it was only a feeling that she wants her husband to disappear and leave them alone while both of them have fun. The adoration was all focuse d on a man who she had worked for only a few months while the person she have chosen to marry had become some kind of a stranger to her. The connection with the wife and the narrator seemed rocky which could be translated that they usually have misunderstandings. While on the other hand, the wife and Robert had a different relationshipa closeness which seems could never be leveled to the relationship of the husband and the wife. The closeness of Robert and the wife could be concluded that they had an intimate relationship in the past. Due to the lines which stated that: "at the end of the summer she let the blind man run his hands over her face, said good-bye to him."(Carver 163). In addition, it seems like the wife and the husband have conflict to their beliefs and their relationships which each other. Therefore, making the assumption that the jealously was really the emotion in which the husband felt while being with them. In the side of religion and beliefs, the author had closely highlighted that the couple does not have any type of faith that they hold on to. The husband simply stated that he did not have any belief in which he focuses on. At some point, it could be assumed that this is the problem of the couple. No one of them believed anything or did not believe in the same things. Another proof is that when the time the couple was still dating, the husband was not paying attention to the interest of his wife. It was already a sign in which the couples interest was not linked to each other, making them separated and disconnected. Therefore the relationship of the couple is very dry and unhappy. It could be seen, that the woman tried to find someone who she could connect with in which she found with his long time friend Robert. The blind man evidently makes the wife of the narrator very enthusiastic of the things that interest him. The little actions in which the blind was doing was something very special for the wife while the husbands acts were not given as much attention by the woman in the story. While reading the story, it could immediately felt that the couple did not have much passion with one another. Maybe they had but then the sparks had now been totally lost. Although the couple clearly had the means to all they need, they did seem dissatisfied with one another. At some point, the husband stated that there was never a time in which both of them slept at the same time. It was usually the woman who sleeps first and he only follows when he is really tired and sleepy. In every happy relationship, one of the most intimate parts of their daily lives is being together in bed sleeping beside each other. Given that they do not share such thing, it could be easily assumed that they have an unhappy relationship. Not only unhappy but unsatisfied with their state within the couples relationship and immediately seen that there is a problem between them (Bosha 149-151). In conclusion, the whole story which is written by Raymond Carver is something that every one must readmost especially those people who are in need to enlightenment. Robert was seen in the story as someone who had just came out of no where and suddenly became their visitor. He was a friend of the narrators wife but then, the husband has no idea about him until he came to their home. The blind man could be easily seen as someone who had separated the couple for quite a while because the wife became fond of Robert instead of her husband. He became one of the huge obstacles for the couple to overcome but in the long run, the blind man was able to make the narrator realize that there is really more to life than the normal life that every person is taking. Most of the time, normal individuals only see what their eyes are seeing. Human beings become distracted by the material things and the physical things they see that it becomes a problem for them. The physical world becomes a mask of so mething that is really basic. Blind people experience such things all the time, having seen movies which had blind characters in them it is often that they are the ones very positive in life. They were the ones who had the wisdom about every thing while the individual who is perfectly fine had more problems and hassles in their life (Bosha 150). Another problem that could be seen in the story is the concern regarding making life very complicated for one another. In the story, it is often seen that the wife and the husband mostly worry about themselves. The wife often stresses herself that she needed to take care of Robert and help him figure his way around. The husband on the other hand was insecure of himself that he keeps on telling Robert that he was not good in describing things. Robert on the other side was very calmtrying state that he was generally alright. Most people do not realize that worrying too much had become something that controls us which leads us to not appreciating the basic things in life and also hinders us from being ourselves (Carver 170). During the end part of the story, it had been very obvious that the narrator was being insecure towards his abilities. Provided that maybe he was not really a person who had a descriptive skill but Robert taught him that it is never too late to learn and discover new things and learn that he has the ability to do other things and conquer his fears. In the end, fear (Carver 169), insecurity and jealously had been the major problems of the couple. With the help of a long time friend of her wife, the visit had not only become a typical weekend but a learning experience for all of them (Schnapp, 169). Work Cited Bosha, Francis J. "Raymond Carver, Cathedral." Thought Currents in English Literature 57 (1984): 149-151. Bullock, Chris. "From Castle to Cathedral: The Architecture of Masculinity in Raymond Carvers Cathedral." Journal of Mens Studies. 2.4 (2000): 343-348. Proquest Research Library. Sacramento City Coll. Lib., Sacramento, CA. 02 Dec. 2006. Carver, Raymond. "Cathedral." Short Fiction: Classic and Contemporary. 5th ed. Ed. Charles Bohner and Lyman Grant. Upper Saddle River: Prentice, 2002. 163-172. Facknitz, Mark A. R. "The Calm, A Small Good Thing, and Cathedral: Raymond Carver and the Rediscovery of Worth." Studies in Short Fiction. 23.3 (1986): 287-296. Literature Resource Parks, John G. "American Short Stories Since 1945." New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Schnapp, Patricia. "A Review of Cathedral." Western American Literature 20.2 (1985): 168-169. Rebein, Robert. "Hicks, Tribes, & Dirty Realists." United States of America: University Press of Kentucky, 2001