Lack of Vision in Carvers Cathedral Essay -- Carver Cathedral Essays

Lack of Vision in Cathedral The narrator in Raymond Carvers Cathedral is not a particularly sensitive serviceman. I might describe him as self-centered, ostensible, and egotistical. And while his actions certainly speak to these points, it is his misunderstanding of the people and the kinds presented to him in this story which establish most clearly his tragic flaw while Robert is physically unsighted, it is the narrator who cannot clearly make the world around him. In the eyes of the narrator, Roberts blindness is his defining characteristic. The opening line of Cathedral reads, This blind man, an old friend of my wifes, he was on his way to spend the night (1052). Clearly, the narrator cannot see past Roberts disability he dismisses him in the same way a white racist might dismiss a black individual. In reality, any prejudicebe it based on gender, race, or disabilityinvolves a persons inability to look past a superficial quality. People who judge a person based on such a characteristic are only seeing the particular aspect of the person that makes them uncomfortable. They are not seeing the whole person. The narrator has unconsciously placed Robert in a category that he labels abnormal, which stops him from seeing the blind man as an individual. The narrators reaction to Roberts individuality shows his stereotypical views. The narrator assumed Robert did not do certain things, just because he was blind. When he first saw Robert his reaction was simple This blind man, feature this, he was wearing a full beard A beard on a blind man Too much, I say (Carver 1055). When Robert smokes a cigarette, the narrator thinks, I . . . read somewhere that the blind didnt smoke because, as guess had it, they c... ...nd optimistic (Watson 114). The few critics who have written specifically about Cathedral tend concentrate on that optimism, seen at the end of the story with the narrators esthetic experience and realization (Robinson 35). In concentrating on the fin al realization experienced by the narrator, the literary community has overlooked his deep-rooted misunderstanding of everything consequential in life. The narrators prejudice makes him emotionally blind. His inability to see past Roberts disability stops him from seeing the reality of any relationship or person in the story. And while he admits some things are simply beyond his understanding, he is unaware he is so completely blind to the reality of the world. Works Cited Carver, Raymond. Cathedral. The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York HarperCollins, 1991. 1052-1062.

Rice Works to Keep Gaza Pullout on Track :: essays research papers

Rice Works to Keep Gaza Pullout on TrackBy BARRY SCHWEID, AP Diplomatic Writer 1 hour, 8 minutes agoWASHINGTON - Secretary of StateCondoleezza Rice scrambled her schedule Friday to add a stumbler to the Middle East designed to nurtureIsraels promised withdrawal from Gaza and part of theWest Bank de ache a spate of terror attacks.ADVERTISEMENTWith the pullout a month away, State Department spokesman Sean McCormack said, "All the parties need to make the maximum effort to see that this disengagement process is a success."McCormack gave no precise eon for Rice to meet with Israeli and Palestinian leaders, but the trip was tacked onto one to Africa she is expected to undertake next week."Its a potentially historic moment, and the parties should seize the opportunity to realize all the potential from this disengagement," the spokesman said, indicating Rice also wants to look beyond this summers Israeli pullback.McCormack said Rice would cover Senegal, Sudan, Israel and the Palestinian territories from Tuesday through July 24.In spite of a surge of terror attacks, Israeli Prime MinisterAriel Sharon remains committed to pulling all settlers and troops out of Gaza and part of the West Bank. provided Sharon has frequently made clear that he does not intend to give ground under threat of terror.Rices diversion to the region from Africa, where she had been considering a number of stops, was announced after a flare-up of violence that threatened an already tattered Mideast truce.Rice has used telephone diplomacy in the last few eld to try to keep Israel and the Palestinians on track to an orderly withdrawal and to encourage Palestinian leaders to go after terrorists.She told Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas, while returning on her jet plane from an Asian trip Wednesday, that he must take immediate action to find and prosecute those responsible for the killing of quatern Israelis this week in Netanya.

History of Computers :: Technology Computers Essays

History of Computers When you think about the origins of the electronic digital computer, what scientists names come to mind? Many historians give the credit to the American scientists J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchy. They construct their Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) during World War II. These two scientists founded the first private computer systems company. Although most people recognize Eckert and Mauchy as the persons responsible for the computer industry, historians are beginning to recognize a more unfamiliar history of the computer, its roots in the military establishment. (Meyers) The birth of the abacus was the beginning of computer history. The abacus is a wooden rack that holds two horizontal wires with beads strung on them. Moving the beads on the abacus can solve regular arithmetic problems. doubting Thomas of Colmar developed the desktop calculator. While great advances were made in mathematical physics betwe en 1850 and 1900, mechanical engineering and science began to make important advances in several areas by the time WWI broke out in 1939. The Navy was particularly interested in the development of advanced technology beginning in World War I. Important advances in naval warfare, including the use of mechanical directors and computers for fire control, the use of radio set for communication across great distances, and the development of the round out submarine posed new technical problems for strategists. (Flamm) A consulting board was hardening up in order to screen the proposals of outside inventors. The board also set up a laboratory to work on the problems of antisubmarine warfare, and eventually the Naval Research Laboratory was then established in 1923. The development of RADAR, radio communications, and the interception of encrypted enemy communications traffic were all support by the Navys postwar research efforts. Because signals transmitted by radio could be intercepted a good deal more easily than communications over land lines, cryptanalysis became an economic means of acquiring intelligence about the intentions of foreign, especially naval, military forces. (Flamm) During the 1930s, the Navy supported substantial work on servomechanisms at MIT. The analog computers were developed after Navy officers enrolled as graduate students in MITs Servomechanism Laboratory.

Themes in the Tempest Essays -- Tempest essays

Themes in the Tempest The Tempest is generally considered to be Shakespeares last sole-authored play. The play draws a number of oppositions, slightly of which it dramatises, and some of which it only implies. Prospero, a figure exhibiting many resemblances to the Elizabethan idea of the Mage, (of whom the best known is probably Dr. John Dee), is opposed to both his corrupt brother, usurper of his graphic symbol as Duke of Milan, and to Sycorax, an evil witch and mother of the deformed slave Caliban. Sycorax does not enter the action of the play, having died before it opens, but enough is made of her evil disposition and behaviour to show Prospero as a model of human virtue in comparison. This despite Prosperos own use of magic to accomplish his will, and his bullying of the spirit Ariel and his threats to and punishments of Caliban. Prosperos role is central to the play, he is in control of the action throughout, through the exercise of his Art. A further contast is drawn betwe en Miranda, Prosperos daughter, and caliban. Bothe were brought up together by Prospero since his arriver on Calibans Island, but Caliban has not responded suitably to Prosperos civilising education. Miranda, however, in line with the tenor of Shakespeares late plays in particular, is a model of chastity and virtue. Calibans ingratitude would seem to result from what we would bring down his genetic inheritance. Miranda calls him Abhorred slave Which any print of goodness will not take (12353-354) FN1 And Prospero A devil, a born devil, on whose nature rearing can never stick on whom my pains, Humanely taken, all, all lost, quite lost. (41188-190) The opposition of nature and nurture is made... ...ntual relinquishing of power which entitles him to regain it. In my opinion, Shakespeare is associating true authority with renunciation, not with the exercise of tyrannical power. NOTES 1. All citations and references are to Frank Kermodes Arden Edition, to the excellent intr oduction of which I am indebted throughout. 2. In the Masque, the anti-masque is a comedic prelude in which the villainous characters (of lower-class origin) plot against virtue and established power-relations. In the Masque proper divine beings (frequently played by courtiers) would step in and defeat the evil plot, whereupon the cast would leave the stage and dance with the audience. 3. Paul Brown, This Thing of Darkness I Acknowledge Mine (in) Political Shakespeare, (eds) J. Dollimore & A. Sinfield, Manchester University Press, Manchester, (1996), pp. 48-71.

Killer Angels Essays -- essays research papers

The Killer AngelsThe Battle of Gettysburg brought the dueling North and South together to the small town of Gettysburg and on the threshold of splitting the Union. Gettysburg was as close as the United States got to Armageddon and The Killer Angels gives the full day-to-day account of the contend that shaped Americas future. Michael Shaara tells the fib of the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes of the generals and men manifold in the action of the battle. The historic account of the Battle of Gettysburg gives the reader a chance to experience the battle personally and non the history book manner taught in schools. A historical novel gives the facts straightforward and provides no commentary by the people involved in history. The historical account of the Battle of Gettysburg, as seen in Killer Angels, provides the facts of the battle as seen through the eyes of widely distri only ifeds Robert E. lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet, and John Buford. The feelings and in ner-thoughts of each ordinary and the conditions of the battle are seen, heard, and felt by the reader in the historical account. Shaara takes historical license with letters, the words of the men, and documents written during the three hellish days of the battle. Shaara avoids historical opinion and provides his own opinion towards the Civil War and the people. The historical account of the Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg specifically, in Killer Angels conveys the attitude to toward war, attitude towards the Civil War, and instance for fighting the war of General Robert E. Lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet, and John Buford. General Robert E. Lee gained stoic and legendary status as the heart and soul of the South in the Civil War, but many did not know his reasons and feelings for fighting the war. War and the slaughter of others did not interest Lee and he felt compassion for the Union. Lee had contradictory feelings towards war and says, He was not only to serve in it but he was to lead it, to make the plans, and issue the orders to kill and burn and break awayhe could not do that (Shaara 263). The Civil War is not in the taste of General Lee, but feels it is his duty, and he cannot just stand by and sop up the war pass him by. Michael Shaara says of Lees reason for fighting the Civil War , He found that he had no choiceLee could not raise his hand against his own. And so what then? T... ...eiving recognition for saving the high ground and perhaps the battle. Colonel Joshua Chamberlain is given a brigade after the battle of Gettysburg but is wounded six times. He is regarded as one of the greatest soldiers in American history, and receives numerous medals for honor during the Battle of Gettysburg. Ulysses Grant gives him the honor of Major General for heroism and is chosen by Grant as the officer to receive the Southern surrender at Appomattox. Chamberlain is elected the governor of Maine and eventually elected demise chair of Bowdoin Col lege. He dies from his wounds in June 1914 at the age of eighty-three. General Longstreet asks to be relieved of command after the Battle of Gettysburg, but Lee makes him stay. later the war he blames Lee for the loss of Gettysburg, and this does not sit well with people. His theory of defensive war is very advanced for the time. He serves as President of Washington College until his death in 1904. General Lee remains the symbol of all that is proud and noble in the South. He asks to be relieved of his command but it is denied. After the war he asks for pardon from Congress and it is denied until 1970. Lee dies of heart disease in 1870.

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Same-sex Marriage is Inevitable Essa

Same-sex Marriage is Inevitable For many p atomic number 18nts, the marriage of their child is a precise happy and proud time. Most parents expect their children to get married and sop up children. But what if their child is airy or lesbian? Their child may have met the perfect person to spend their life with, but their child can non get legally married. Same-sex couples can hold wedding ceremonies, but the law does not select these unions. Many heterosexuals take for granted the benefits that are extended to their spouse by way of legal marriage. These benefits do not extend to homosexual couples, because there is not a law that recognizes same-sex marriage. Gay marriage is not legal because of state and federal laws, as well as the traditional views of the American human beings. There are many state laws that prevent gay marriage. An interesting background to the gay marriage issue is the issue of interracial marriage. In 1967, the state of Virginia had the case, Loving v. Virginia, go to the US Supreme Court that dealt with interracial marriage. The ruling in this case entailed that Virginias prohibition of different-race marriage was a violation of both the equal protection and overdue process clauses. Why not the same for gay marriage? Furthermore, many states have sodomy statutes. While most sodomy laws apply to both heterosexuals and gay people, they are primarily used to deny lesbians and gay men a range of other rights. Sodomy laws were once on the books in all fifty states, but they have been repealed or struck down by courts in over half the states. In Texas, heterosexual sodomy laws have been repealed in young years, but same-sex sodomy laws remain. (Bull 39,44) Sodomy is defined in most places as oral and anal intercours... ... looks back at the ridiculousness of sex and race-based discrimination. Works Cited Bull, Chris. purview of the Crime. The Advocate. October 27, 1998. Cloud, John. For Better or Worse. Time Magazine. October 26, 1998. page 43. Eskridge, William N., Jr. The Case for Same-Sex Marriage. New York The Free Press, 1996. Foley, Daniel R. The State of Gay Marriage. Family Advocate v20 n1 p39. Summer 1997 Kramer, Larry.Same-sex marriage, conflict of laws, and the unconstitutional public policy exception. Yale Law Journal. May 1997, v.106, n7, 1965-2008 Strasser, Mark. Legally Wed. Ithaca Cornell University Press. 1997. pp. 50-52 United States. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on the Judiciary. Defense of Marriage Act report together with dissenting views (to fall out H.R. 3396).U.S. DOCS. NO. Y 1.1/8104-664

Gulliver’s Travels Essay

prompt wrote Gullivers Travels to be read by the literate higher(prenominal) classes of the British society, he did this because he hoped that the higher class people would have the higher ranked jobs in the government and could change Britain. In chapter 6 Gulliver gave a long detailed, description of Britains narration and the way in which it had been ruled in nimbles time, the king was perfectly astonished with the historical account Gulliver gave him.The king tried to protest that the personal matters of Britain during the last century were only a heap of conspiracies, rebellions, murders, massacres, banishments, faction, cruelty, rage, madness, hatred or ambition could produce. All of these argon negative points about England which clearly shows Swifts dis similar of the country. Swift uses the Kings response to make his point even clearer this allows Swift to show his disgust of British society without stating that he himself utter it this offended many people.Another asp ect of British society which Swift was very interested in was the physical human body and its functions. The public in the 18th century run aground the human body embarrassing, including things such as sanitation, which is perhaps why swift satirised it to show his unusual, for his time, interest in such things. Swift however was stimulate by bodily functions and he showed his disgust by using the differences for Gulliver in Lilliput and Brobdingnag.In Lilliput, where Gulliver was the large person, the empress was disgusted when she looked up at Gulliver manner of walking over her but in Brobdingnag Gulliver was in horror with the maids breastfeeding the child, I must confess no ever object ever disgusted me so a great deal as the sight of her monstrous breast and It stood six feet, and could not be less than sixteen in circumference. The nipple was about the half the bigness of my head. These are both examples of Swifts hatred for human body parts because both of the descripti ons for them are all negative.A second example of Swifts interest in bodily functions is in Lilliput when Gulliver urinates on the Empress palace to save her from the fire, the ironic thing about this is that although Gulliver saved the Empress life from the fire he was ulterior banished from the country for displaying such an act in front of the Empress. This is perhaps another satirical point from Swift mocking the English culture, maybe Swift feels like its unfair that even if you do something heroic, such as saving a royal family member, you can be convicted because of the method you used.Swift also satirises women and how ineffectual they were, such as Chapter 5 in Brobdingnag They would often strip me naked and lay me at full length in their bosoms wherewith I was ofttimes disgusted because, to say the truth, a very offensive smell came from their skins This is an example of Swift suggesting that women of his time were an illusion of physical beauty and that they werent as beautiful as was thought. Swift suggests that people often smelt hence why they used perfumes to cover the smell.Swift later states I found their natural smell was much more supportable than when they used perfumes, Swift was disgusted with how vain women were by using perfumes to try to impress the males, He could also be satirising how men wanted women to act like this. 18th century England was very different compared with modern day fashions, in the 18th century women tended to cover skin more compared to directly where the fashion is to show as much skin as possible.So when Swift wrote in chapter 5 about the maids stripping to the skin while Gulliver was in their presence, this would have been a preposterous thought for people of the 18th century even more than it would be now. Swift loved to satirise this because it was something that fascinated, it also makes us laugh in a childish way and would therefore keep us reading. From reading Gullivers Travels it is clear that Swift had a very arduous dislike of the culture and government of Britain and showed his disgust by satirising them using literature.Satire is a rude way of getting your point across often ridiculing something and leave alone offend many people. When Swift wrote Gullivers Travels he said he wanted to vex the world and intended to make people angry by holding a mirror up to English society. Swift wrote Gullivers Travels as a satirical book but wasnt surely how the British public would take it, so he first published it under the name Lemuel Gulliver, which makes it sound even more like a travelogue.Swift using Lilliput and Brobdingnag ridiculed Britain and offended the majority of the population, so when the public found out that Swift was the author of Gullivers Travels, he felt he could no monthlong work in Britain, so he left the country and went to live in Ireland.Bibliography Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift Word Count 2,247 Ben Dewsnip 19th whitethorn 08 10co Show preview onl y The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in ourGCSE Jonathan Swiftsection.

Downsizing †an Effective Form of Organisational Change That Seeks to Improve Business Performance?

DOWNSIZING AN EFFECTIVE FORM OF ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE THAT SEEKS TO IMPROVE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE? Personnel restructuring, right sizing, reductions in force or the most super C term apply retrenchment, is define by Budros (1999 70) as An organizations conscious use of permanent personnel reductions in an attempt to improve its efficiency and/or effectiveness1 furlough has occurred through surface the industrialized world (Ryan & Macky, 1998)2, affected blue and white collar encounterers (Littler et al. 1997)3, targeted lower-level workers, professionals, middle managers, and higher-level workers (Littler, 1998)4, and permeated all industries (Morris et al. , 1999)5. It is simply cognize as reductions that take formations make in the number of employees that atomic number 18 on the payroll. Numerous placemental sociologists notably Freeman & Cameron (1993) state that downsize is a strategic decision do by the governance and that the term should not be confused with th e term layoff.They state The difference between layoffs and downsizing is that layoffs are solely concerned with the item-by-item level of analysis, time downsizing is a broader concept applicable to other levels of analysis than solely the individual level. Additionally, downsizing is a strategic decision while layoffs are an operational mechanism used to implement a downsizing strategy. 6Since the 1980s downsizing in placements has become a ubiquitous swash of all modern organisations with reductions of cost world the main catalyst for the decision by management. Many individuals believe that the main reason for downsizing is because Foreign emulation compels domestic industry to downsize by trimming fat. 7 With the prevailing gusty winds of global economic recession, the topic of organisational downsizing is do the headlines, while the question ar we going to be next? is nervously being asked by employees around the water cooler who are anxiously waiting to find out if t heir coiffe is being make redundant. Currently downsizing is in full swing, with company management and locateors giving the now infamous topical spiel to their employees about the organisation being hit sonorous by the harsh economy and they laughingstocknot afford to keep the employees on if the organisation is to remain profitable and competitive. Companies in all sectors are cutting costs on downsizing its workforce.From computer company Dell wanting to trim $3billion from its budgetary expenses by downsizing 8800 employees of its workforce to international burnt umber chain Starbucks having to shut down 600 of its coffee shops in the U. S. , downsizing its workforce by close to 12,000 people, all organisations are feeling the pinch of the recession. Both companies say the same reason for their recent moves save costs due to the flailing economy, which is ravaging through the U. S. and beyond.Yet, it is not al itinerarys in bleak and dire economic situations when companies downsize. research by the American worry Association rear that an overwhelming percentage of US firms downsized during the 1980s and 1990s even when profitable, stating Data collected for the American Management Association show that 80 per cent of US firms that downsized were still profitable at the point of downsizing, and that on the day of announcement of rationalization their stock prices typically rose by 7 per cent. 8 In the summer of 2001, a survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers found that fifty percent of the 114 companies surveyed stated that they downsized inwardly the preceding 18 months, and of those companies that downsized, fifty percent planned on downsizing again inside the next 18 months. 9 So why do organisations absorb in downsizing even if the organisation is prospering and their stock prices are on the rise? Or the economy is not being hit hard by crises?Do management of the organisation believe that the organisation can continue to grow by scaling down on its workforce? Do technological advances in performing job tasks created and inspired by employee innovation render certain employment positions obsolete? Downsizing has a stigma associated with it. The work environment is effected, morale is obviously low, and employees are not as innovative and are not as prepared to take risks.Reasons for organisations downsizing that may render to improve business performance may be because salaries and benefits are possibly the major operating expenses of an organisation, the organisation can contract the jobs to a supplier of tacky labour, and thus energize more money available. This would come under the Economic Theory as proposed by (Zhao) et al. which is basically an attempt to manipulate business performance. Zhao et al. found that financial outcomes of downsizing are the most dominant, but this theory has failed to deliver the financial benefits expected.It can portray annual shareholder reports in a substantiating light. The company is seen to be taking proactive steps thinking and investing in its future, which sees share prices rise as the organisation is doing fewthing constructive, as sayd by the data collected by the American Management Institute. Some of these reasons are measures to improve business performance. If jobs can be performed cheaper, and the same results are straind, then it would be a wise move from an organisational standpoint to contract these jobs out.The organisation would have more operating money at its disposable which would obviously benefit the organisation. In the case of mergers or acquisitions occurring, it is inevitable that some positions will be no longer available as if both companies are in the same cogitation of expertise, (such as banking, or manufacturing etc) having an surplus amount of employees doing the same tasks would be rendered useless, as the same goals and objectives could be achieved by fewer individuals. The benefit from this is an increased amou nt and renewing of information is beneficial for improving the development of the organisation.Creativity and new ideas among new team/group members can lead to new innovative ideas being notice which will benefit the organisation. Although these are some of the reasons why organisations choose to downsize, there is an overwhelming supply of literature on the subject that seeks to show the cast out personal effects of downsizing. In their paper on organisational downsizing authors Anders Richtner and Par Ahlstrom10 state a lack of the organisations stock of knowledge can emerge aft(prenominal) downsizing. As employees relegate the organization critical skills may be lost which can damage customer similitudeships or operations11 (Drew, 1994). Employees who have been unfortunate to be include in the organisations downsizing plan, may have their job functions incorporated into the tasks of the employees who survived the wave of downsizing, thereby having the incorporated tasks be ing neglected or not being carried out as effectively as they would have been done if the employees were not let go.This may lead to corporate anorexia12 a term coined by Hamel and Prahalad, which they exposit as leaner organisations not necessarily being healthier organisations. It is, as they develop a business disorder, marked by an extreme fear of being insufficient that leads to excessive cost cutting to the point of serious loss of business and sometimes bankruptcy. Another theory proposed by (Zhao) et al. was the Institutional Theory. This sees downsizing as a response to environmental uncertainty. Organisations may choose to implement downsizing as it gives the management a sense of control.In times when organisational decision making executives are unable to forecast the environment, they may make decisions based by what similar organisations are doing. Executives may choose this strategy because information, professional advice, and executive knowledge programs suggest that it can result in performance improvements when an organisation is a certain size. Another theory proposed by (Zhao) et al. on why downsizing strategies have been pursued to improve business performance is the Socio-Cognitive Theory.This theory sees downsizing being based on managers mental models that view it as being an effective way of conducting business better, faster and smarter. 13 The managers decisions to downsize are socially constructed through social interaction and connected enactment process. Yet, currently there is no empirical evidence that exists to hold that this theory holds well in practice. The theories presented on downsizing in this paper seek to show the how downsizing can improve business performance. Downsizing if done when moreover necessary can improve business performance, as it can save the organisation money, and make it more competitive.By letting excess employees go corporate anorexia could take form and present itself in an organisation, a stat e no organisation would like to find themselves in. It is important that an organisation downsizes only when it needs to be done, not when other organisations are doing it. There is a severe lack of conclusive evidence supporting long term benefits of downsizing. considerable amounts of literature exist that highlight the negative aspects of downsizing in the long run. The effects downsizing has on its surviving employees can be severe.However if downsizing is to be implemented, it should be managed effectively to exploit organisational performance, which why it was being implemented in the first place. There are many terms and definitions that try to explain best practice. Wikipedia which is the collectively created and controlled encyclopaedia gives a simple definition on the term best practice. It is defined as An idea that asserts that there is a technique, method, process, activity, inducement or reward that is more effective at delivering a particular outcome than any other technique, method, process, etc. 14 In the context of downsizing within the organisation establishing best practice would be to put in place a roach of procedures that would allow for smooth, open and transparent interactions within the organisation during a time where downsizing is required in order to maximise organisational performance. When a company decides to downsize it must have a clear idea of what it is hoping to achieve through its downsizing and a clear plan of how to do this (best practice). Downsizing is very hard and therefore requires all of the companys resources if it is to be effective.If a company decides that it must downsize than it is vital to avoid agitation to employees, and therefore it must be an open practice which makes effective communication vital throughout the entire organisation. A key element in regard to best practice for downsizing is that if the company must downsize then it must be done within legal parameters, and the company should be clea r about what employee must leave the organisation e. g. Lay off ten percent of employees across all departments on a seniority- only basis.This way no employee can claim that he or she was dismissed for discriminatory reasons. 15 (Heathfield, S, 2009) It must also be hold that this method of downsizing can be inefficient in that it may deprive the company of employees with key skills, and or have a larger negative shock on some departments compared with others. During any downsizing it is vital that a climate of trust exists within the organisation in order to limit the impact of the low morale that surviving employees may experience.If there is no trust between employees and management then downsizing can have further negatively charged effects on the organisation and far from benefiting the organisation it will weaken it further. This will occur if there is no trust and can lead to rest employees resenting management, not caring, more sick days and generally not putting the sam e amount of effort into their work that the applied before the downsizing. This was the result of a bad downsizing in a company in the UK. Survivors began to resign themselves to insecurity and channel their distaste towards management in order to cope with instability. Survivors account unfairness, mistrust, shock and demoralisation as their key reactions to redundancy. 16 (Campbell-Jamison et al, 2001) This sort of low morale is known as Survivor Syndrome Survivor Syndrome can be defined as a term which has been used to describe the reactions and behaviours of people who have survived massive and adverse events, i. e. organisational downsizing.This term relates to the workplace after employees who survive large outgo redundancies may feel guilt at having survived or low morale and a feeling of despair. To sum up best practice in relation to downsizing it can be seen as a process where by downsizing is deployed only when necessary, in an open and clear fashion with good communica tion, within legal parameters and most importantly in a way that limits the fall out with remaining employees who remain after the downsizing in order to maximise organisational performance and employee morale.In order for downsizing to be effective and maximise organisational performance it must be managed correctly. Part of this effective management is the need to make out that this is a massive change in the organisation that will have a big impact on how work is done in the organisation and the morale of the employees within the organisation, and therefore this change should be managed correctly. For this to occur several things need to happen.Firstly and most fundamentally in order to manage downsizing properly it must have been firstly evaluated that downsizing is needed in the organisation and that it is not just a show off of a no nonsense attitude by new owners of a company. Secondly staff must have it clearly explained to them why there had to be redundancies and why some people lost their jobs while others didnt. This will dish up to reassure them of the safety of their position within the organisation and raise morale which is ound to be down after redundancies and can also help lessen the effects of survivor syndrome. Thirdly in downsizing management, most organisations will try to help employees that have been made redundant to move on and find future employment. This has been seen as a proactive step from an organisational standpoint, as it is the right thing to do and can help raise the morale of the remaining employees by showing that the organisation is a caring one. This is ethical, reasonable and positive.Plus, your survivors are watching. 17 (Heathfield, S, 2009) After downsizing it is important to direct as much aptitude as possible into the employees that have survived the wave of downsizing as they are likely to be suffering from low morale. If this energy is directed properly it can help with quicker recovery after downsizing and w ill minimise the damage to trust between staff and management, and can also help to boost productivity even though the there has been downsizing this could be seen as consolidation.Finally employees that remain must be presumption assurances that they are valued, this is most effective when it is done on a one to one basis where the employee is reassured of their value to the organisation and the security of their position within the organisation. It is evident from this piece it can be seen that there is much empirical evidence to suggest that downsizing can be a damaging form of organisational change and there is very little to suggest that it is of benefit. However if downsizing is to be deployed as a form of organisational change it is important that it is only used where necessary to avoid corporate anorexia. Also when it has been decided that downsizing is the best however unpalatable option it is vitally important that the organisation has an established set of best practice s to implement the downsizing and that the management team is ready to oversee the downsizing and work hard with the survivors to regain trust and improve overall organisation performance. Bibliography The following sources were used in the compiling of this project 1 http//swoba. hhs. se/hastba/papers/hastba2006_001. pdf 2 http//www. cmr-journal. org/article/viewfile/72/34 Article entitled How Do Organizations Implement Downsizing? 3 http//www. mr-journal. org/article/viewfile/72/34 Article entitled How Do Organizations Implement Downsizing? 4 http//www. cmr-journal. org/article/viewfile/72/34 Article entitled How Do Organizations Implement Downsizing? 5 http//www. cmr-journal. org/article/viewfile/72/34 Article entitled How Do Organizations Implement Downsizing? 6 http//swoba. hhs. se/hastba/papers/hastba2006_001. pdf 7 Downsizing in America-Reality, Causes and Consequences. Page 16. By William J. Baumol, Alan Blinder, and Edward N. Wolff. Published by Russell Sage Foundation. 8 T he Employment Relationship -Key Challenges for H.R. By capital of Minnesota R. Sparrow and Cary L. Cooper. Published by Butterworth Heinemann. 9 http//hr. blr. com/news. aspx? id=7457 10 http//swoba. hhs. se/hastba/papers/hastba2006_001. pdf 11 http//swoba. hhs. se/hastba/papers/hastba2006_001. pdf 12 Competing for the Future. By Gary Hamel and C. K. Prahalad. Page 12. Published by Harvard Business Press. Accessed through http//books. google. ie/books? id=rgvGFiiYCXYC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=corporate+anorexia+hamel+and+prahalad&source=bl&ots=BtoG_Ytyac&sig=mK-90ek2Fh_M6pvDbV24PRtfV2M&hl=en&ei=fGTCSaG8B6SLjAequZWfCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result 3 The Employment Relationship -Key Challenges for H. R. By Paul R. Sparrow and Cary L. Cooper. Published by Butterworth Heinemann. 14 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Best_practices 15 http//humanresources. about. com/od/layoffsdownsizing/a/downsizing. htm 16 Campbell-Jameson, F. , Worral, L, and Cooper C, 2001. Downsizing in Britain and i ts effects on survivors and their organisations. Anxiety, melody and Coping Vol 14, p. 35. 17 http//humanresources. about. com/od/layoffsdownsizing/a/downsizing2. htm

Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra Essay

Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra was the son of a poor Spanish doctor. At a young age of 21, he enlisted in the army and fought several battles in water and in land. Pirates sold him to the Moors, and after three failed attempts to escape, he was finally ransomed to return to Spain and end intimately 15 years of enslavement. It was only after the publication of the first volume of wear off Quijote that Cervantes experienced financial success. His book received several local acclamations, and in fact had an unauthorized sequel by a writer known to be Avellaneda.Cervantes was born in 1547 and died the following year after he publish the insurgent volume of founding father Quijote in 1614. Several of accept Quijotes incidents argon reflected from Cervantes life itself. Some of these elements include the presence of pirates on the Spanish coasts, the deportee of the Muslim enemy Moors, the death of the prisoners who tried to escape, and the disheartening battles between the Spanish an d the Algiers, when it was obvious that Spain is eventually going to face defeat. Cervantes biases are prominent in the original, as well, i. e. distrust for foreigners.The novel also recounts several battles to which Cervantes participated. In this sense, Don Quijote can be viewed as historical and autobiographical. Getting past the authors private experiences, the novel well illustrates the era/s in which it was written. At that time, Spain was caught in between a new age, and Cervantes did a good job in creating the point of reference of Don Quijote to discuss issues such as morality, human identity, art and chivalry in an ever-changing time. Although Renaissance new ideals in European humanism, contemporary writings at that time was still full stories which emphasized the code of chivalry.Don Quijote is considered to be a novel. A novel is a narrative in prose format. A novella on the other hand, is shorter than a novel. Novellas were originally close news of country life r epeated for amusement. It is quite hard to define a novel from a novella, but suffice it to say that novellas generally have a word count of 17,500 and 40,000. Anything more than that must be a novel. Before Don Quijote in 1605, the young Cervantes wrote a pastoral romance entitled La Galatea in prose and verse which bears a strong resemblance on Jorge de Montemayors Diana.La Galatea tells the fortunes and misfortunes of several shepherds and shepherdesses in love. In between the release of the first and second volumes of Don Quijote, Cervantes published Novelas ejemplares which contains a dozen short stories which details Spain in footing of the historical, social and political problems it faces, as Cervantes sees it. After Cervantes death, Los trabajos was released. Los trabajos details the adventures of a couple in their search for a happy ending for their love. Don Quijote, a middle-aged gentleman decided to embark on an adventure to uphold chivalrous ideals he has prominently read about in books.Don Quijote was blinded about knights in shining armor wandering about with their long lance and spear and ready to fight all wickedness. He was definitely obsesses with these chivalrous ideals that he has to set out on expeditions looking for opportunities to apply these values. Don Quijote convinced Sancho Panza, a middle-age peasant to be his squire and accompany him in his search for distinction and adventure. In return for his services, Don Quijote assured Panza to make him governor of an aisle. Don Quijote did all that was chivalrous in the name of the peasant Dulcinea del Toboso whom he believes to be a princess.In his ridiculous adventures, Don Quijote becomes more of a bandit than a knight in shining armour. His desire to help and defend what he perceives to be threats to his knighthood caused a lot of baffled and angry citizens. Panzo usually takes some of the punishments resulting from Don Quijotes comic but infuriating behaviour. Don Quijotes fantasi es have done for(p) out of hand and Panzo tried in vain to wake him up to touchableity. The second volume of Don Quijote narrates how a Duke and Duchess has taken advantage of Don Quijotes fantasy and played tricks on him.Believing that Dulcinea was transformed into a peasant by an evil enchantress, Don Quijot was convinced to hurt himself to undo Dulcineas curse. The Duke and Duchess took this puddle further and even set Don Quijote and Panzo on dangerous tasks. What is a form of entertainment for both the Duke and the Duchess badly wounded both Don Quijote and his closelipped squire. Sancho Panzo is the only person in the book who has had the interesting part to live inside and outside of Don Quijotes fantasies.Unlike other character who use Don Quijotes madness, Panzo adored it, and even played along with it. Although he is ignorant, cowardly and illiterate, he has proved that lower class men as defined by society can also be wise and just, or even better rulers compared to those held in higher esteem. Sancho humanizes the overall novel and brings compassion and humour to the story. At the second volume Sancho Panzo subtlety changed. With all the misadventures he had with Don Quijote, he learned how to be somehow quite a gentleman and a good governor.This second volume is different from the first as unlike the first one which just details Don Quijotes adventures, or misadventures, the second volume somehow provides us with explanations on the identities and codes of conduct that Don Quijote and Panzo follows. The second volume makes an driving the changes of the literary, as well as social environment that Cervantes lived in. Don Quijote is one of those whom they call a Hidalgo. A hidalgo is a low-ranking nobility class, which specifically mean, son-of-something. They were exempted from paying taxes but may or may not own real property.Don Quijote is trapped in his ridiculous fantasies. Sometime in the novel, Don Quijote is depicted to be someone who cant distinguish what is real and what is not. He seems oblivious to the effects of his his actions. We can consider him crazy especially in certain parts of the novel, however, he seems really sane at the end. The story ends with a beaten Don Quijote , which makes him a tragic comedy figure, condemning all the chivalric ideals he believes to have fervently followed. It is not very clear if Don Quijote is indeed crazy or just ignoring the world and the disastrous consequences of his actions.He seems unconscious of his surroundings. Throughout the book, Don Quijote remains to be a puzzle, with whom we cannot safely specify the split of his madness and sanity. However, at the end of the novel, we are led to believe that Don Quijote may have just feigned his madness in an effort to play out his fantasies. On the other hand, believing that Don Quijote may indeed be mentally deficient tells us that even the most wakeless of persons can fall for outmoded ideals such as chivalry. Cervan tes wrote the book to provide a critique on the social and religious structure of Spain during Cervantes era.Cervantes satirically illustrates the arrogance of those in higher classes such as the Dukes and Duchesses. Cervantes wrote about ideas which are not observed anymore, and when practiced may become ridiculous. He was aware that knights are becoming extinct and chivalry is considered dead. The book is considered to be important in the history of literature as this shows a certain genre which borders within dickens different era. This not only entertains but also provides us with an idea of the ideologies of the people during that time.

Product and Geographic Departmentalization Essay

est for a society managers are faced with several decisions/dilemmas. The following should be considered The wares they produce Who their customers are Where their customers are fixed Once the above considerations has been taken, a manager can then look at the advantages and disadvantages to the disparate types of departmentalization. Two types of departmentalization are product and geography. Product departmentalization is when a ships company is organized by specific products. Take a look at 3M Corp they make both(prenominal) consumer and industrial products.All of 3M Crops products operate under different divisions (Griffin, 2013). For example their Post-it and Scotch Brite brands could be located in the same building, but do not have the same managers or staffing resources. Basically the mangers and staff for both brands are coexisting with no business interaction. This type of departmentalization can also apply to retail stores. Most retail stores are broken into different departments. The advantages of product departmentalization areAllows people to specialize in one area of expertise Makes it easier to assess performance Makes decision making faster The disadvantages of product departmentalization are duplicate of functions Coordination across different product departments Limited view of organizational goals The above advantages and disadvantages taken from (Zararain, 2012) Geographic departmentalization is creating departments in the geographical areas they service. Coca-Cola is a company that operates using geographic departmentalization.They have 6 operating regions Eurasia & Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America, Pacific and Bottling Investments in addition to Corporate (Unknown, 2011). The advantages of product departmentalization are Effective and efficient management. Reduces costs by locating organizational resources closer to customers The disadvantages of product departmentalization are Duplicates functions Functions are disper sed, therefore control cannot be exercised effectively Isolates organizational areas from one another.The above advantages and disadvantages taken from (Zararain, 2012) I feel managers are challenged to try and decide what departmentalization type will best suit their companys needs. Just because one fits today, that may not be the case in years to come. A manager may need to revisit the different departmentalization types and pick a new one that best fits the companys structural needs. Note Only two of the five-departmentalization types have been discussed. For more information on the other types please refer to page 219, chapter 7 in Business.

Response on Quote from “The Waiting Years” by Fumiko Enchi Essay

In Chapter 1, of The First Bloom of the book The Waiting Years by author Fumiko Enchi, (Fumiko, 2002) it was easy to identify the wee girl as one who was so important amid the small pace of the town. Suga was going to trip the light fantastic Plum Blossom in Spring where all eye would be on her. She was going to be looked at and judged according to her dance that day, in her mind, which set the atmosphere for tension and apprehension of what they would think about her meter reading and about Suga. Suga seemed so innocent and she always maintained her respectful nature as she did as she walked toward the school teachers house and you could sense that this dance was going to be very important to Suga. She remained respectable, as you think about her life with an impoverished family in a world of young girls who were selected as in store(predicate) brides. The setting in this piece of work was magnificent as I imagined the tiny house in this poor community. The stage in the teachers house must have been so magical for Suga and for the other little girl who was already dancing when she arrived. I feel sorry for Suga as I understand that she and every other girl is always being looked at but for the recital, I think this is one time when she really does want to be noticed and for something other than being a girl who will be chosen for other things in life besides her dancing. I think that this ingeminate offers a good look into the life of Suga and gives a vivid description of her life and surroundings.Enchi, Fumiko, (2002) The Waiting Years, Oxford University Press, p.24

Disposal of Offal and Environmental Concerns Essay

People complain about the much slower brass of offal and other beast waste thrown uncovered in the midst of residential areas after sacrificing of hundreds of thousands of animals by the citizens as the necessary ritual of Eid ul Azha. Such highly random throwing of animal waste could cause an outbreak of infectious diseases anytime in the overcrowded residential areas. Dwellers of various parts of the country had been pinning great hopes to the revival of town administrations, after the gap of a long time, for resolution of their long-pending municipal and civil problems, oddly unattended piles of garbage nearby to densely populated residential areas, posing serious health hazards to their residents. Town administrations claim to have made useful arrangements for the removal of offal and cleanliness during Eid ul Azha. The concerned public quarters said that the sanitation and cleanliness situation had been a lot better in residential areas.In several instances, particularly in far-flung areas, offal and other animal waste remained unattended in open grounds and alleys from dawn to dusk. In some brazen incidents, the stray dogs and chatterer birds were found tearing up and devouring upon these openly thrown pieces of offal and other parts of animal waste, creating serious health and civil problems. In some areas civic situation had been already pathetic with sewage overflowing on several of the major roads of city and with these scattered unattended offal and other parts of animal waste, the situation has been quite messy in the area with the passage of Eid ul Azha days. In several residential parts, throng on self-help basis and privately hiring the services of sweepers inclined of offal and other animal waste and also under in like mannerk health preventive measures as till late evening there had been no disposal work by the town administration. Management practices -an overviewAppreciable practices* Every town administration had designated its own o ffal collection and dumping points for proper disposal of offal and animal waste. These trenches for disposal of offal would be alter after the third day of Eid ul Azha. * Extensive insecticide fumigation and aroma spray carried out in residential areas to prevent the outbreak of contagious diseases and ameliorate the civic and sanitation situation in major residential areas of the city. * The management has failed to dispose of the intestines, offal and carcasses of sacrificial animals the jurisdiction during the Eid ul Azha. * A visit revealed that sanitary workers of the civic body did non bother to clean the areas of scattered entrails of the sacrificial animals, which were still lying along the main road.* The management before the Eid-ul-Azha had divided the city into zones for effective writ of execution of the action plan, especially prepared for cleanliness. * To keep the city clean and remove remains of the sacrificial animals cancellation of leaves of the Sanitation st aff was announced to work round-the-clock in three shifts. * In many major cities the authorities made deep ditches for the proper disposal of the of offal and animal flashes while Lime powder also cosmos sprinkled and applied to garbage trolleys and sacrificial places to lift pollution and rush of birds. * The vehicles and staffers used by the Town administration for emergency duties for disposing of offal after sacrificing of animals, proved to be too less in numbers given the heavy volume of task.Malfunctioning of administration* The inhabitants have been urging the administration high-ups to ensure cleanliness of the entire city on emergency basis to avoid nauseating odor and related problems. * It was also observed that in most parts of the capital city excluding posh areas people have non thrown the offal and other wastage of sacrificial animals at prescribed places. * The improper disposal of offal and wastes is not only polluting the environment but also move the aerial traffic in the airspace near the airport. After the slaughtering of animals near railway tracks, the intestines, offal and other wastes need attention of the authorities to prevent people from scatter pollution in jurisdiction of airports and cant areas.* Birds pose a safety threat to airplanes, especially during landing and take-off. When birds strike an aircraft traveling at high speed, the mend can sometimes be dangerous. Despite Pakistan Air Force (PAF) awareness campaign before Eid, the locals as well as the municipal staff could not ensure quick and safe disposal of the remains of the sacrificial animals in the jurisdiction of the airport. * The surrounding areas pollution attracted birds and causes problems to the pilot. The removal of dirty flashes and project of animal from the sites of slaughtering centers is direly needed in order to avoid any misshape. * Some residents throwing the animals waste into narrow drains, causing stringent smell in their locality. * Suburbs were specially treat by the sanitary workers of the civic body where remains of the sacrificial animals had created serious problems for residents.The IronyThe reckless attitude of the local municipal administration and residents not compassionate for cleanliness could also cause diseases. There is severe need that municipal administration should ensure that the waste of each animal should be dumped in deep ditches to avoid pollution as well as rush of birds toward slaughtering sites in the city. Those people who violate law and leaving animal wastes on open surface of the human race must be charges with heavy fine to forces them to keep the environment clean.Measures to be taken* A consolidated strategy should be adopted on the affair of Eid-ul-Azha for sanitary arrangements and disposal of offal of sacrificial animals. * Cleanliness is an article of faith and as a nation, it is a collective responsibility to keep the surroundings clean. * Cleanliness arrangements should be ens ured on Eid as well as Taroo and Maroo at any cost and stern action should be taken against the persons burning Siri Paays (head and feet of sacrificial animals) on the roadsides as it causes environmental pollution. * The administrative officers and officials displaying negligence towards sanitary arrangements during Eid days will not be spared. * Ban on the sale and purchase of sacrificial animals in the city should be stringently implemented and this business should be carried out only at the points specified for this purpose.* A vigorous public awareness campaign should be launched for maintaining cleanliness during the Eid days and disposal of animals waste and the assembly members should personally supervise the Eid arrangements. * The Chief Minister directed that complaint cell regarding cleanliness arrangements should be activated and it should work round the clock to alter public complaints. * Modern technology should be utilized for the supervision of the sanitary staff and planning should be made for this purpose with the assistance of Information and technology Board. * Volunteers should also be deputed for sanitary arrangements on the occasion of Eid. * Special bags should be given to the citizens for disposal of animal waste while special centers should also be established for the collection of offal from where it will be taken and destroyed at specific places in a proper manner.References1. http//www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-140017-Slow-disposal-of-offal-irks-residents-in-many-areas 2. http//www.brecorder.com/general-news/172/1252726/

IKEA Children Labor Reaction

After the publication of the documentals that showed and proved that IKEA used children beat back for the production of its company in India IKEA was coerce to react, to try to stop the media crisis and to be concerned and active to stop children labor in non-developed countries like India. The origin reaction when all the information appeared was to deny it, saying that IKEA never contract companies that use children labor to do their products, but they accepted the possibility that maybe the companies they were contracting, sub-contract at the same time other corporations that could have children working for them.The spokesperson for IKEA defended the company, saying the contract with its suplier in the Philippines and India has been suspender, when under(a)-age children were found to be making wicker baskets. But that was tho the first reaction but sure not last. From that point IKEA changed the instruction of acting, taking more hard this aspect and having it as a princip al part of the company and of the foundation IKEA owns. From that IKEA addressed the event and it send a legal team to Geneva to overheark input and advice from the International Labor organization on how to deal with the problem.Also the company added a clause to all supply contracts, stating simply that if the supplier employed children under legal working age, the contract would be cancelled. This clause, a two-pages code of conduct, is based on the unify Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). The third thing IKEA decided to do is to contract a Third-party that controls and impinge on care of avoiding child labor practices at its suppliers in India and Pakistan. This action was very profitable for the company because it showed a different point of view and favored good publicity and made thing seem fairer from the publics view.In that way the bussines manager of the corporation did some research with well known organizations like Save the Children ( an organizat ion that certain on May 15 of 2012 a pledge of $10 million to end child labor in India cotton industry) or UNICEF to get advice. With all that information the manager could travel around the world, see the real situation and developed a label certifying that the carpets to which it was attached were made without the use of child labor.

Last Sacrifice Chapter Seventeen

THE INTERROGATION DIDNT go so substantially.Oh, sure, we make plenty of threats and used the s let ins as torture devices, merely not frequently came of it. Dimitri was motionlessness scary when dealing with Sonya, just after his break mountain with Donovan, he was cargonful not to conciliate into that berserk rage again. This was healthier for him in the long run but not so awakenless for scaring up answers extinct of Sonya. It didnt help studys that we didnt exactly set ab mother by a concrete question to ask her. We in general had a series to throw at her. Did she know almost some other Dragomir? Was she re easyd to the nonplus? W here(predicate) were the mother and child? Things also went bad when Sonya agnize we sine qua noned her too much to kill her, no matter how much silver stake torture we did.Wed been at it for over an hour and were lounge well-nighting exhausted. At least, I was. I leaned against a wall near Sonya, and though I had my stake divulge an d ready, I was relying on the wall a bit much than I liked to admit to bound me upright. N oneness of us had spoken in a while. Even Sonya had maintainn up on her snarling threats. She app bently waited and stayed watchful, undoubtedly provision for escape, probably counting wed tire ahead she did. That silence was scarier than all the threats in the world. I was used to Strigoi development words to intimidate me. Id never expected the power simply being quiet and staring threateningly could have.What happened to your head, Rose? asked Dimitri, suddenly catching a glimpse of it.Id been tuning out a little and actualized he was talking to me. Huh? I brushed aside h assembly line that had been obscuring lot of my forehead. My fingers came a focal point sticky with blood, triggering slow memories of crashing into the t qualified. I shrugged, ignoring the dizziness Id been feeling. Im fine.Dimitri gave Sydney the quickest of glances. Go lay her down and clean it up. Dont let her sleep until we fag figure out if its a concussion.No, I empennaget, I argued. I cant leave you alone with her Im fine, he said. equalizer up so that you can help me later. Youre no good to me if youre just going to fall over.I still pro auditioned, but when Sydney gently took my arm, my stumbling gave me remote. She led me to the houses one sleeping room, much to my dismay. There was something creepy approximately keen I was in a Strigois bed until now if it was covered with a blue-and- white floral quilt.Man, I said, lying back against the pillow formerly Sydney had cleaned my forehead. Despite my earlier denial, it tangle great to rest. I cant squeeze used to the weirdness of a Strigoi living in a place so normal. How are you retentiveness up?Better than you guys, said Sydney. She wrapped her arms round herself and eyed the room uncomfortably. Being around Strigoi is starting to make you guys seem not so bad.Well, at least some goods put in out of this, I remark ed. Despite her joke, I knew she had to be terrified. I started to close my eyes and was jolted awake when Sydney poked my arm.No sleep, she chastised. Stay up and talk to me.Its not a concussion, I muttered. tho I suppose we can go over plans to get Sonya to talk.Sydney sat at the foot of the bed and grimaced. No onwardense? further I dont think shes going to crack.She will once shes gone a few days without blood.Sydney blanched. A few days?Well, whatever it takes to A spike of emotion flitted through the bond, and I froze. Sydney chuteed up, her eyes darting around as though a group of Strigoi might have burst into the room.Whats wrong? she exclaimed. I have to go to Lissa.Youre not supposed to sleepIts not sleeping, I said bluntly. And with that, I jumped away from Sonyas bedroom and into Lissas perspective.She was riding in a van with five other throng whom I immediately acknowledge as other royal nominees. It was an eight-person van and also included a withstander driver with another in the passenger seat who was looking back at Lissa and her companions.Each of you will be dropped off in a separate location on the outskirts of a forest and departn a constitute and compass. The ultimate goal is for you to r distributively the destination on the defend and wait out the daylight until we come for you.Lissa and the other nominees exchanged glances and then, almost as one, peered out the vans windows. It was almost noon, and the cheerfulnessbathelight was pouring down. Waiting out the daylight was not going to be pleasant but didnt sound impossible. Idly, she scratched at a small fleck on her arm and quickly stopped herself. I read from her thoughts what it was a tiny, barely noticeable disseminate tattooed into her skin. It was actually similar to Sydneys blood and ball, mixed with compulsion. Compulsion might be taboo among Moroi, but this was a special situation. The spell in the tattoo prevented the candidates from revealing the milkweed bu tterfly tests to others not involved with the process. This was the first test.What pleasing of ter fall are you sending us to? demanded Marcus Lazar. Were not all in the same physical shape. Its not light when some of us have an profit. His eyes were on Lissa as he spoke.There is a people of walking, said the guardian, face serious. But its nothing that any candidateof any ageshouldnt be able to handle. And, to be honest, part of the requirements for a king or queen is a certain amount of stamina. eon brings wisdom, but a monarch needs to be healthy. Not an athlete by any means, added the guardian quickly, seeing Marcus start to open his mouth. But its no good for the Moroi to have a sickly monarch elected who dies within a year. Harsh, but true. And you also need to be able to endure disquieting situations. If you cant handle a day in the sun, you cant handle a Council meeting. I think he mean that as a joke, but it was hard to tell since he didnt smile. Its not a race, tho ugh. Take your prison term getting to the end if you need it. Marked along the map are spots where certain items are hiddenitems thatll make this more than bearable, if you can decipher the clues.Can we use our magic? asked Ariana Szelsky. She wasnt young either, but she looked tough and ready to accept a challenge of endurance.Yes, you can, said the guardian solemnly.Are we in danger out in that respect? asked another candidate, Ronald Ozera. Aside from the sun?That, said the guardian mysteriously, is something youll need to learn for yourselves. But, if at any time you want out He produced a stunner of carrel phones and distributed them. Maps and compasses followed. Call the programmed number, and well come for you.Nobody had to ask about(predicate) the hidden message behind that. Calling the number would get you out of the long day of endurance. It would also mean youd failed the test and were out of the running for the throne. Lissa glanced at her phone, half-surprised t here was even a signal. Theyd left Court about an hour ago and were well into the countryside. A line of trees made Lissa think they were nearing their destination.So. A test of physical endurance. It wasnt quite what shed expected. The trials a monarch went through had long been shrouded in mystery, gaining an almost mystical reputation. This one was pretty practical, and Lissa could understand the reasoning, even if Marcus didnt. It truly wasnt an athletic competition, and the guardian had a point in produceing that the future monarch should possess a certain level of fitness. Glancing at the back of her map, which listed the clues, Lissa realized this would also test their reasoning skills. solely very basic stuffbut essential to ruling a nation.The van dropped them off one by one at varied starting points. With each departing candidate, Lissas anxiety grew. Theres nothing to manage about, she thought. Ive just got to sit through a jovial day. She was the coterminous to las t person dropped off, with only Ariana remaining behind. Ariana patted Lissas arm as the van door receptive. dear luck, dear.Lissa gave her a quick smile. These tests might all be a ruse on Lissas part, but Ariana was the real deal, and Lissa prayed the older woman could get through this success seriousy.Left alone as the van drove away, queasiness spread through Lissa. The simple endurance test suddenly seemed much more daunting and difficult. She was on her own, something that didnt happen very often. Id been there for most of her life, and even when Id left, shed had friends around her. But now? It was just her, the map, and the cell phone. And the cell phone was her enemy.She walked to the edge of the forest and studied her map. A drawing of a large oak tree marked the beginning, with directions to go northwest. Scanning the trees, Lissa saw three maples, a fir, andan oak. Heading toward it, she couldnt help a smile. If anyone else had botanical landmarks and didnt know their plants and trees, they could lose candidacy right there.The compass was a classic one. No digital GPS convenience here. Lissa had never used a compass like this, and the protective part of me wished I could jump in and help. I should have known better, though. Lissa was smart and easily figured it out. Heading northwest, she stepped into the woods. While there was no clear path, the forests floor wasnt too covered with overgrowth or obstacles.The nice part about being in the forest was that the trees blocked out some of the sun. It still wasnt an ideal Moroi condition, but it bawl out being dropped in a desert. Birds sang, and the scenery was lush and light-green. Keeping an eye out for the next landmark, Lissa essay to relax and pretend she was simply on a pleasant hike. Yet it was difficult to do that with so much on her idea. Abe and our other friends were now in charge of working and asking questions about the murder. All of them were asleep right nowit was the middle of t he Moroi nightbut Lissa didnt know when shed return and couldnt help resenting this test for taking up her time. No, wasting her time. Shed utmostly accepted the logic behind her friends nominationbut she still didnt like it. She wanted to actively help them.Her churning thoughts almost led her right past her next landmark a tree that had fallen ages ago. Moss covered it, and much of the wood was rotten. A star on the map marked it as a place with a clue. She flipped over the map and read I grow and I shrink. I run and I crawl. Follow my voice, though I have no(prenominal) at all. I never do leave here, but I travel around I float through the sky and I creep through the ground. I grip my cache in a vault although I have no wealth, Seek out my decay to safeguard your health.Um.My mind went blank right about then, but Lissas spun. She read it over and over again, examining the individual words and how each line played off the other. I never do leave here. That was the starting poin t, she stubborn. Something permanent. She looked around, considered the trees, then reject them. They could always be cut and removed. Careful not to stray too far from the fallen tree, she circled the land searching for more. Everything was theoretically transient. What stayed?Follow my voice. She came to a halt and closed her eyes, absorbing the sounds around her. Mostly birds. The daily rustle of leaves. AndShe opened her eyes and walked briskly to her right. The sound shed heard grew louder, bubbling and trickling. There. A small brook ran through the woods, hardly noticeable. Indeed, it seemed too tiny for the streambed carved out around it.But I bet you grow when it rains, she murmured, uncaring that she was speaking to a stream. She looked back down at the clue, and I felt her clever mind rapidly piece it all together. The stream was permanentbut traveled. It changed size. It had a voice. It ran in deep parts, crawled when there were obstacles. And when it evaporated, it floated in the air. She frowned, still puzzling the riddle aloud. But you dont decay.Lissa studied the area once more, uneasily thinking decay could apply to any plant life. Her gaze moved past a large maple tree and then jerked back. At its base grew a clump of brown and white mushrooms, several(prenominal) wilting and number black. She hurried over and knelt down, and that was when she saw it a small hole dug into the earth nearby. Leaning closer, she saw a flash of color a purple drawstring bag.Triumphantly, Lissa pulled it out and stood up. The bag was made of canvas and had long strings that would allow it to hang over her shoulder as she walked. She opened the bag and peered inside. There, tucked inside the fluffy and fuzzy lining, was the best thing of all a store of water. Until now, Lissa hadnt realized how hot and dehydrated shed grownor how wearying the sun was. The candidates had been told to wear sturdy topographic point and practical clothing but hadnt been allowed any other supplies. Finding this bottle was priceless.Sitting on the log, she took a break, careful to conserve her water. While the map indicated a few more clues and rewards, she knew she couldnt necessarily count on any more helpful bags. So, after several minutes rest, she put away the water and slung the little block over her shoulder. The map directed her due west, so that was the way she went.The heat beat on her as she continued her walk, forcing her to take a few more (conservative) water breaks. She kept reminding herself it wasnt a race and that she should take it easy. After a few more clues, she discovered the map wasnt quite to scale, so it wasnt always evident how long each leg of the hike was. Nonetheless, she was delighted to successfully solve each clue, though the rewards became more and more baffling.One of them was a bunch of sticks sitting on a rock, something she would have sworn was a mistake, but someone civilized had clearly tied the bundle together. She added that into her bag, along with a neatly folded green plastic tarp. By now, sweat was pouring off her, and rolling up the sleeves of her button-down cotton habilitate did little to help. She took more frequent breaks. Sunburn became a serious concern, so it was a huge replacement when her next clue led to a bottle of sunscreen.After a couple hours of battling the intense summertime heat, Lissa became so hot and tired that she no longer had the mental energy to be annoyed about missing out on whatever was happening at Court. All that mattered was getting to the end of this test. The map showed two more clues, which she took as a promising sign. She would reach the end soon and then could simply wait for someone to get her. A flash of realization hit her. The tarp. The tarp was a sun block, she decided. She could use it at the end.This cheered her up, as did the next prize more water and a floppy, wide-brimmed hat that helped keep the sunlight from her face. Unfortunately, afte r that, what appeared to be a short leg of the trip turned out to be twice as long as she expected. By the time she finally reached the next clue, she was more evoke in taking a water break than digging out whatever else the guardians had left her.My aggregate went out to her. I wished so, so badly that I could help. That was my job, to protect her. She shouldnt be alone. Or should she? Was that also part of the test? In a world where royals were almost always surrounded by guardians, this solitude had to be a total shock. Moroi were hardy and had excellent senses, but they werent built for extreme heat and challenging terrain. I could have probably jogged the course easily. Admittedly, I wasnt sure I would have had Lissas deductive skills in figuring out the clues.Lissas last reward was flint and steel, not that she had any idea what they were. I recognized them flat as the tools of a fire-making kit but couldnt for the world figure out why shed need to advance a fire on a day like this. With a shrug, she added the items to her bag and kept going.And thats when things started to get cold. Really cold.She didnt entirely process it at first, mainly because the sun was still shining so brilliantly. Her disposition said what she felt was impossible, but her goose bumps and chattering teeth said otherwise. She rolled her sleeves back down and quickened her pace, wishing that the sudden cold had at least come with cloud cover. Walking faster and exerting herself more helped heat her body.Until it began to rain.It started off as a mist, then changed to drizzle, and finally turned into a steady blanket of water. Her hair and clothing became soaked, making the cold temperature that much worse. Yet the sun still shone, its light an chafe to her sensitive skin but offering no warmth in compensation.Magic, she realized. This weather is magical. It was part of the test. Somehow, Moroi air and water magic users had united to defy the hot, sunny weather. That was why she had a tarpto block the sun and the rain. She considered getting it out now and wearing it like a cloak but quickly decided to wait until she reached the endpoint. She had no idea how far away that really was, though. Twenty feet? Twenty miles? The chill of the rain crept over her, seeping under her skin. It was miserable.The cell phone in the bag was her ticket out. It was barely late afternoon. She had a long time to wait before this test ended. All she had to do was make one call one call, and shed be out of this mess and back to working on what she should be at Court. No. A kernel of determination flared up within her. This challenge was no longer about the Moroi throne or Tatianas murder. It was a test she would take on for herself. Shed led a soft and supply life, letting others protect her. She would endure this on her ownand she would pass.This determination took her to the maps end, a clearing ringed in trees. Two of the trees were small and close sufficiency together that Lissa thought she might be able to invest the tarp into some sort of reasonable shelter. With cold, fumbling fingers, she managed to get it out of the bag and unfold it to its full sizewhich was fortunately much larger than shed suspected. Her mood began to lift as she worked with the tarp and figured out how to create a small canopy. She crawled inside once it was complete, glad to be out of the falling rain.But that didnt change the fact that she was wet. Or that the ground was also wet and muddy. The tarp also didnt protect her against the cold. She felt a flash of bitterness, recalling the guardians saying magic was allowed in this test. She hadnt thought magic would be useful at the time, but now, she could certainly see the perks of being a water user to control the rain and keep it off her. Or, better yet being a fire user. She wished Christian was with her. She would have welcomed the warmth of some(prenominal) his magic and his embrace. For this kind of situation, s pirit seriously suckedunless, perhaps, she got hypothermia and needed to try to heal herself (which never worked as well as it did on other people). No, she decided. There could be no question water and fire users had the advantage in this test.Thats when it hit her.FireLissa straightened up from where shed been huddled. She hadnt recognized the iron and flint for what they were, but now, vague recollections of fire-making were attack back to her. Shed never been taught those skills directly but was pretty sure striking the stones together would make a sparkleif she only had dry wood. Everything out there was soaked .Except for the bundle of sticks in her bag. laugh out loud, she untied the sticks and set them in a place shielded from the rain. After arranging them in what seemed like a campfire-friendly pattern, she tried to figure out what to do with the steel and flint. In movies, she thought shed seen people just hit them to make sparks fly. So, thats what she did.Nothing happ ened.She tried three more times, and her earlier excitement gave way to spirit-darkened frustration. I pulled some of that from her, needing her to stay focused. On the fourth try, a spark flew off and dog-tired awaybut it was what she needed to understand the principle. Before long she could easily make sparks, but they did nothing when they land on the wood. Up and down her mood was a rollercoaster of hope and disappointment. Dont give up, I wanted to say as I drew off more negativity. Dont give up. I also wanted to give her a lesson on kindling, but that was pushing my limits.Watching her, I was beginning to realize how much I underestimated Lissas intelligence. I knew she was brilliant, but I always imagined her being helpless in these situations. She wasnt. She could reason things out. That tiny spark couldnt penetrate the wood of the sticks. She needed a bigger flame. She needed something the sparks could ignite. But what? Surely nothing in this waterlogged forest.Her eyes fe ll on the map poking out of her bag. She hesitated only a upshot before ripping and shredding the reputation into a pile on top of the twigs. Supposedly, shed reached the end of the hike and didnt need the map. Supposedly. But it was too late now, and Lissa pushed forward with her plan. First, she pulled out some of the bags fluffy lining, adding the bits of fuzz to the paper. Then she took up the flint and steel again.A spark jumped out and immediately caught a piece of the paper. It flared orange before fading out, leaving a wisp of smoke. She tried again, leaning forward to gently blow on the paper when the spark landed. A tiny flame appeared, caught a neighboring shred, and then faded. Steeling herself up, Lissa tried a final time.Come on, come on, she muttered, as though she might compel a fire into existence.This time, the spark caught and held, turning into a small flame, then a larger flame that soon consumed her kindling. I prayed it would take to the wood, or else she wa s out of luck. Brighter and larger the flame grew, eating the last of the paper and fuzz and then spreading along the sticks. Lissa blew softly to keep it going, and before long, the campfire was in full blaze.The fire couldnt change the piercing cold, but as far as she was concerned, she had the warmth of the entire sun in her hands. She smiled, and a sense of pride that she hadnt felt in a while spread within her. Finally able to relax, she glanced out at the rainy forest and caught the faintest flashes of color in the distance. Channeling spirit, she used her magic to intensify her ability to see auras. Sure enoughhidden far, far out among the trees, she could see two auras filled with strong, steady colors. Their owners stood still, staying quiet and covered. Lissas smile grew. Guardians. Or maybe the air and water users controlling the weather. None of the candidates were alone out here. Ronald Ozera had had no need to worrybut then, he wouldnt know that. Only she did. Maybe s pirit wasnt so useless out here after all.The rain began to lighten, and the fires warmth continued to soothe her. She couldnt read the time from the sky, but somehow, she knew she would have no problem waiting out the day andRose? A voice summoned me out of Lissas wilderness survival. Rose, wake up or whatever.I blinked, focusing on Sydneys face, which was a few inches from mine. What? I demanded. Why are you bothering me?She flinched and jerked away, momentarily speechless. Pulling away Lissas darkness while joined with her hadnt affected me at the time, but now, advised in my own body, I felt anger and irritation flood me. Its not you, its not Sydney, I told myself. Its spirit. Calm down. I took a deep breath, refusing to let spirit master me. I was stronger than it was. I hoped. As I fought to push those feelings down, I looked around and remembered I was in Sonya Karps bedroom. All my problems came rushing back. There was a bound Strigoi in the other room, one we were barely keeping constrained and who didnt seem like she would give us answers anytime soon.I looked back at Sydney, who still seemed afraid of me. Im sorry I didnt mean to pellet at you. I was just startled. She hesitated a few moments and then nodded, accepting my apology. As the fear faded from her face, I could see that something else was bothering her. Whats wrong? I asked. As long as we were alive and Sonya was still trapped, things couldnt be that bad, right?Sydney stepped back and crossed her arms. Victor Dashkov and his brother are here.

Managing Own Performance in a Business Environment Essay

1.1)1.2) The purpose of thr spend a pennying work and universe accountable to others for own work is being organised. 1.3) The purpose and benefits of agreeing realistic targets for work is making sure you have ample time to accomplish the targets in parliamentary law for the targets to become obtainable in all areas. 1.4) Agreeing to realistic targets is stage setting intents and pushing towards accomplishing the goals with a time limit, in order for you to have something to work towards and meet the deadlines. 1.5) The way you plan work to meet the deadlines is being realistic and allowing yourself a few hours out of the day to focus on work. 1.6) Keeping other quite a little informed about your progress stern be very utile because they could encourage and ease your work performance with useful advice and also motivate you towards reaching your deadline.1.7) The purpose and benefits of let other people know work plans need to be changed are being open assumption(p) to new-fangled concepts and acknowledging room for improvement to better work performances. 1.8) The types of problems that may occur during work are non so polite fagdidates coming into the branch regarding no origin offers or not being remunerative also disagreements with colleagues. People coming in to registration with false eligibility. 1.9) The ways of seeking assistance with getting help to resolve problems is speaking to someone understanding e.g. Supervisor/Manager and explaining the situation to them in a polite and calm manor and finding a solution to the problem.1.10) The purpose and benefits of recognising and learning from mistakes is realising in order not to make the same mistake again, taking the advice given as a learning bias and becomeing association about something new and contrastive. 2.1) The benefits of setting high standards for my work is aiming high and then ultimately achieving it with hard work and staying focused. 2.2) Ways of setting high stan dards for your work, is setting obtainable targets and goals for yourself and going above and beyond to meet deadlines. 2.3) The benefits of taking on new challenges if they arise is having the ability and mindset to learn something new and dissimilar and furthering your locomote aspects.2.4) The purpose of adapting to change is having the exit power to take in and learn something completely new and different and gaining more experience and knowledge, in a different area in order to help you progress development even further. In order to remain profitable, you have to be flexible plenteous to change. 2.5) The benefits of treating others with honesty, respect and consideration are being able to handle yourself well in a passe-partout environment, honesty gains trust and then respect is earned both ways. Employees etc moldiness work as a team, although you are not always going to agree, it is important to be considerate and stay positive.2.6) The benefits of own behaviour in a wo rking environment, is being able to handle yourself in a slide down manor in a professional environment. 2.7) The types of behaviour that shows honesty, respect and consideration at a piece of work is although youre not always going to have the same opinions, respecting each others opinion and if for whatever effort there is something you dont like, address the issue privately and calmly amongst each other sooner of being confrontational and allowing the situation to escalate and cause unnecessary problems that could of easily been avoided.3.2) Planning and preparing work tasks enables you to make best use of your time because then everything will be prioritised and you will become more accountable for your work. 3.3) Confirming my work methods with others is supporting me to transform my potential and talent into measurable results. This method would be big because I want to succeed in everything I do and it will be great for in-person development.3.5) Keeping other people inf ormed of my progress will allow them to motivate and encourage me towards my achievements. 3.6) completing work tasks to agreed deadlines or re-negotiate timescales and plans in good time allows me to concentrate, prioritise and focus on what it is I am trying to achieve. Being realistic with timescales and keeping to the deadline without over committing will allow me to achieve my goal first time round.3.7) Taking and paying responsibility for my own work and pass judgment responsibility for whatsoever mistakes made is being accountable for my own actions. I know what I have to do, so I have to make sure everything is done to the best of my ability. If mistakes are made then I must fix them, learn from them and make sure it does not occur again. 3.8) Following agreed work guidelines procedures and where needed, codes or practise is being sure of my role and responsibilities and knowing what is mandatory.4.1) Setting high standards for own work and screening commitment to achie ving these standards is showing care and dedication in my work and achieving what I know I can with determination and self motivation. 4.2) Agreeing to take new challenges if they arise would widen my knowledge and open a traffic circle of opportunities for my future, in order for myself and the business to grow and thrive.4.3) Adapting to new ways of working is using my skills, experience, talent and knowledge to be willing and ready to help the organisation grow. 4.4) Treating other people with honesty, respect and consideration will allow them to treat me the same. 4.5) Helping and supporting other people in work tasks is showing that I am a team player and will allow things to get accomplished much quicker. mend Own Performance in A railway line EnvironmentUnit 21.1) Continuously alter performance at work shows that I am dedicated and desire to learn more. It also secures my job and proves to myself and everyone around me that I am more than capable of more responsibilities. 1.2) It is always good to encourage and accept feedback from others because constructive criticism allows you learn, understand, realise and recognise what you need to do to better your performance.1.3) Learning and development can improve my work, benefit organisations and identify my career options because then I can learn about the different types of roles my colleagues do and support them. It will also be useful because thatll be a great experience for me to develop more knowledge in a different area. 1.4)1.5)2.1) Encouraging and accepting feedback is always great to improve performance and help career progression. 2.2) 2.3) Completing work tasks using feedback given is good because it will help me improve and let me know what I need to work on more to do even better because there is always room for improvement. 3.1) I need to develop moreknowledge about the sales side of the company in order to improve my career aspirations and develop my knowledge on knowing how to match what our clients are looking.3.2) I plan to sit with a few of my colleagues during sales, take notes and listen to the key skills of how they facilitate our business in growing and progressing. 3.3) Following a learning plan will allow me prioritise my work load and purposefully stick with agenda with good time keeping and be even more organised. 3.4)Work in A Business EnvironmentUnit 31.1) Diversity provides options and allows flexibility it can be along the dimensions of anything and everything. Diversity should be valued, embraced and accepted because nothing and no-one is the same. 1.2) Respecting peoples sensitive needs is showing consideration to circumstances. 1.3) Treating people in a way that respects their abilities, is treating others how you would like to be treated. Being fair. Treating people with respect and dignity being polite patient tolerant positive understanding and supportive. 1.4) Ways that are possible to learn from people at work, is asking someone to educate you in something that may not necessarily be your strength.2.1) Maintaining credential and confidentiality at work is respecting other peoples personal business and respecting the company legislations. 2.2) The legal requirements for pledge and confidentiality in an organisation are under the data protection act. 2.3) The legal requirements for security and confidentiality as ask gives rights to individuals regarding confidentiality and accuracy on information such as personal data obtained, or processed whether it is manually or automatically. 2.4) The procedures for dealing with concerns about security and confidentiality in an organisation are addressing the issue with your manager and finding a solution to the problem.3.1) Keeping shove along to a minimum decreases the amount of contribution to the environment. 3.2) The usage of paper is one of the main causes of waste that occurs in a business environment because instead of storing information electronically, close things ar e kept on paper. 3.3) One way of keeping waste to a minimum, is ordering a reasonable amount of supplies for a short period so there is not a timbre of over supply. 3.4) One way of using technology to reduce waste is cycle the paper in the shredding machine. 3.5) The benefit of recycling4.1) The benefits and procedures for the recycling and disposal of hazardous materials are protection of human health and the environment. 4.2) Organisational procedures for the recycling and disposal of hazardous materials are anything from paper to plastic, furniture etc.5.1) The purpose of improving efficiency and minimising waste is because it will increase efficiency in business and lower costs.

Eassy on Imac

iMac Computer pic o $139. 95 o measure (Microsoft Office for Mac kinsperson and Student 2011) o $139. 95 Microsoft Office for Mac Home and Student 2011 Remove Save discontinue number HB603LL/A o available to ship Within 24 hours picThis is a gift pic o $2,777. 97 o Quantity (27-inch iMac) o $2,777. 97 27-inch iMac Remove Save fracture number Z0MR o Available to ship 4-6 business days Hardware o 2. 9GHz Quad-core Intel Core i5, Turbo Boost up to 3. 6GHz o 32GB 1600MHz DDR3 SDRAM 4x8GB o 1TB Fusion Drive o NVIDIA GeForce GTX 660M 512MB GDDR5 o orchard apple tree Magic Mouse + Magic Trackpad Apple Wireless Keyboard (English) & Users Guide o Accessory Kit Software o iLife 11 o OS X Mountain Lion o Pages o Numbers o Keynote picThis is a gift run and Support pic o AppleCare Protection Plan for iMac Auto-enroll o Automatically registered with your Apple Hardware. $169. 00 Remove pic o $79. 00 o Quantity (Apple USB SuperDrive) o $79. 00 Apple USB SuperDrive Remove Save Part number MD564ZM/A o Available to ship Within 24 hours picThis is a gift pic o $29. 00 o Quantity (Apple Thunderbolt phone line (0. 5 m)) o $29. 00 Apple Thunderbolt Cable (0. 5 m) Remove SavePart number MD862ZM/A o Available to ship Within 24 hours picThis is a gift pic o $149. 95 o Quantity (Epson Expression Premium XP-600 Small-in-One Printer) o $149. 95 Epson Expression Premium XP-600 Small-in-One Printer Remove Save Part number HA747LL/A o Available to ship Within 24 hours picThis is a gift o 6, 12, or 18 month special financing o Top of remains Bottom of Form Cart subtotal $3,344. 87 Free Shipping $0. 00 Whats This? Calculate Estimated Tax Total $3,344. 87

Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface

Usability valuation of a nett Design Interface 1/12 http//ojni. org/602/usability. htm Usability military rank of a net Design Interface by Karen D. King, RDH, MHeD and Dr. Rosalee Seymour, Associate Professor, EdD, RN Abstract This trace presents the results of a usability paygrade of the weather vane conception interfac e for an instructional whole archetype on herpes virus simplex and Apthous Ulcers. Usability is defin ed as the measure of a products potential to accomplish the goals of its substance ab drug substance abusers (Dumas, 1999). The whole and the web port were de sign(a) to deliver instruction to undergrad alveolar hygien e students.The three volitiony-nilly selected users/ lawsuits for this military rating were from an undergrad uate class of dental hygienics students. This report describes the usability military rating planning, im plementation, selective in make believeation analysis methods, and results. The results try out that conducting usabili t y evaluations help to conciliate the organization and ease of glide of an interactive, net-base d, instructional unit. Usability military rating of a meshwork Design Interface Computers are used to educate, in m both instances, with conventional ports that i nclude those used to pee-pee documents and manipulate data.A weave port, which was tasteed in t his case, is very contrary from a conventional one. The nett is a domain that must be instantly u s up to(p) and support many talk modalities. wind vane digiters must focus on the computer user whose goal is to gather information kind of than to create documents or manipulate data (Raj ani & Rosenberg, 1999). It is critical that the accomplishment of the users goals be the capital objective o f a usability evaluation (UE) of mesh office larboard design. exploiters will not be able to access correc t pages unless the constructed land localize reflects their inevitably and contains a navigation scheme that all in allow s at large(p) access to the desired information (Nielsen, 2000a). In blade larboard designs the properties of color, sound, navigation, and placement must be considered from a different perspective than with c onventional interfaces. Usability evaluation social occasions. The faculty of the Department of Dental Hygiene, where this evaluation was conducted developed an viva pathology course for undergraduate student s in dental hygiene and wanted to deliver it via a vane design interface.The instructional unit o n Herpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcers is the prototype for gild instructional units to follow. It was anticipated that conducting a UE, on the prototype instructional unit blade interface, would enable appellative of any usability issues or problems relevant to this meshwork interface before the constru ction of subsequent instructional units. In retention with Rajani and Rosenberg (1999), the basal designs of this UE were agr eed upon as 1) to determine if the sack-based Herpes Simplex and Apthous ulcer prototype is faint t o navigate 13/3/2013 050Usability valuation of a sack up Design Interface 2/12 http//ojni. org/602/usability. htm and meets the goals of undergraduate dental hygiene students, 2) to use any identifie d problems to revise this unit, 3) to make recommendations on the construction of additional units based on this prototype, 4) to save faculty clock time, and 5) to insure students goals will be met in t he Web interface format. The Literature Usability evaluations include a range of methods for identifying how users genuinely i nteract with a prototype or end Web place. Planning of a UE egins with a statement of the ove rall purpose and objectives for the investigation and a clear credit of the problem (Hom, 1999 Instone, 1999). In a typical approach a UE is conducted piece of music users perform projections and a modera tor watches, be givenens, and records for later data analyzes and reporting of result s (Fichter, 2000) . The next steps are the identification of the report/users and the design of the study. graham flour (2000) describes many ways to get feed behind about the usability of a Web site. Graham (2000) recommends that a moderator observe a user representing the sites target audi ence as they navigate the site.Graham (2000) cautions moderators against the prisonbreak of the subject/user while conducting any remarks. Nielsen (2000a) also recommends that the user/subj ects be representative of the target hearing and not colleagues or others who whitethorn know too m uch about the site. Nielsen (2000a) recommends that user/subjects perform particular proposition working classs durin g a UE as opposed to asking them to just play on the test site. These test delegates need to be re presentative of the types of travails that users will actually perform on the Web site at heart the Web in terface being tested.Nielsen (2000a) suggests that the moderator solicit comments from users as they progr ess by means of to occupation completion to help determine their thought process. Hom (2000) refers to thi s encouragement of user comments during the evaluation as the think aloud protocol. H om (2000) describes this technique as one in which the user verbalizes any thoughts, feelings, and/or opinions while interacting with the test site. The inclusion of the think aloud protocol all ows the moderator to softly measure how the user approaches the Web interface and what consideratio ns they celebrate in mind when using it.For example, a user verbalizing that the sequence of steps, d ictated by a proletariat, is different from what was expected, could demonstrate an interface problem (Ho m, 2000). Hom (2000) recommends using the qualitative think aloud method in participation with exploit measures. The performance measures add to the data accumulate noting such things as 1 ) the time it scoop ups for a user to bring to pass a task, 2) the number a nd type of wrongdoings per task, 3) the number of users completing a task successfully, and 4) the enjoyment of the user with the si te (Nielsen, 2000a).After determining the study design and identification of the users, Spool et al. (199 9) in compact with Nielsen recommend development of specific tasks for users to perform during the UE. In addition to a task list, Hom (1999) advocates during the planning course of UE that on e specify materials essential and the site evaluation environment. Rubin (1994) agrees that the U E process needs test users from the target population to evaluate the degree to which a product meets specific 13/3/2013 050 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface /12 http//ojni. org/602/usability. htm criteria. Rubin (1994) describes six fundamental elements of a UE 1) a clear statement of the problem and/or evaluation objectives, 2) a sample of users, which may/may not be randomly cho sen, 3) a setting representative of the actual work environme nt, 4) observation of users who either use or review a representation of the product, 5) a collection of quantitative performance and qualitative preferences measures, and 6) an analysis leading to recommendation for design of the product evaluated.When analyzing data from having conducted a UE, rather than accompaniment hypotheses one is looking for patterns to identify common problems, in the remarks or observations, betwixt use rs (Dumas, 1999 Hom, 1999). Performance data is statistically canvass while qualitative data, equanimous by observing the users actions and opinions, is analyzed for trends. The data analysis results should lead to identification of strengths and recommendations for improving the site or pro duct (Nielsen, 2000a Spool, et al. 1999 Hom, 1999 Dumas, 1999). Usability Evaluation The Case This UE was conducted because usability problems, within any prototype, are important to discover prior to the costly, time consuming, construction of a web interface for additional i nstructional units. The specific purpose of this UE was to determine if the Web interface presented the H erpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcer prototype interactive educational unit in a way that allowed underg raduate dental hygiene students to successfully achieve unit outcomes.Specific objectives for this usability evaluation were to determine 1) navigational and/or organizational problems with the Web interface, 2) the presence of any confusing term inology in the site, 3) if the site meets the goals of the user, 4) if the users can wind up the as write tasks, and 5) users attitudes toward the Web site. Methods A rendering of the UE environment, user pickaxe criteria and profiles, usability evaluation process, the task list, and evaluation measures for this study follow. Usability evaluation environment. The UE took place in the moderators private campus office.This is a quiet, well-lit room with a light temperature, equipped with a Dell computer workstation, which was used for the evaluation. A sign allegeing Usability Evaluation in Session. Please Do Not Disturb was posted on the closed office door to keep interruptions and distractio ns. The UEs were conducted on July 2, 2001, at 100 p. m. , 200 p. m. , and 300 p. m. Subject/users interacted with the Herpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcers Web interface one at a time. Each subject /user had 20 proceeding to complete the usability evaluation. Subjectuser selection and profile.Three randomly selected undergraduate dental hygi ene students, from a target population of 24 (class of 2002), became subjectusers. every last(predicate) 24 students will be required to take the unwritten pathology courses including the instructional units reflect ing the results of this UE. Alphabetical order by users last name obdurate the order of subjectuser participation. In order to be selected the subject/users must stupefy met the quest criteria 1) be an undergraduate 13/3/2013 050 Usability Evaluation of a We b Design Interface 4/12 http//ojni. org/602/usability. htm ental hygiene student, 2) have successfully completed one academic year of the Denta l Hygiene Program, 3) have anterior experience with the Internet, and 4) have previous experien ce with Web web browsers The demographic characteristics of the users for this evaluation were that 1) they all were female, 2) ages 25, 22, and 43, 3) all had successfully completed on e academic year in the Dental Hygiene Program, 4) all had previous experience with the Internet, and 5) all had between 1 and 3 years experience with Web browsers. Administration protocol. Prior to the UE a training tract and session of 30 proceedings were provided to from each one subjectuser.The training session include a brief description of the UE proce ss, purpose and objectives, and the UE protocol operating instructions. Each subject/user was given an opportun ity to review the share and ask any questions before agreeing, by signing a consent form, to be a voluntary participant. The UE packet included 1) a user profile questionnaire, 2) a task list , 3) a statement of the purposes of the evaluation, 4) evaluation instructions, and 5) a consent form. Prior to each actual UE every subjectuser was again given a 10-minute review of the UE instructions and opportunity to ask questions.Subjects/users were told it would take one hour to complete the entire UE process 20 proceedings to complete the task list. According to Nielsen (2000a) , a UE time of 30 minutes or less is qualified to conduct a UE. An additional 15 minutes allowed time for the user to verbalize about the Web interface and to complete a follow up questionnaire to de termine their attitude towards the Web interface. The remaining 15 minutes of the hour the moderat or used to review celebrates of comments and observations and to make corrections so that no misunder standing would bechance later in interpreting results.Shneiderman (1998) suggests the moderator rewrite UE notes as soon as possible, reducing moderator errors in note interpretation later. The subjectusers were required to use the think aloud method (Hom, 2000) to provid e subjective data in conjunction with the collection of various performance measures. The performa nce measures included 1) the time it took the user to complete the task list 2) the number of er rors per task, 3) the number of users completing the task list successfully in the allotted time, and 4 ) the attitude of the user toward the Web interface.In addition, the moderator collected qualitative data by observing each user during completion of each task and taking notes regarding their f acial expressions, opinions verbalized, and verbalized thoughts while completing UE. The mo derator make notes on the opinions and thoughts of the user following UE. Finally, the subje ctusers completed a questionnaire to describe their attitudes about the Web interface. Implementation piloting the UE administration protocol.A De partment of Dental Hygiene professor, fa miliar with the Internet, Web browsers, and oral pathology pilot tested the UE administration protoco l one week prior to testing subjectusers. The moderator provided the pilot test user with the s ame pre UE instructions and task list that would be given to subject/users. The pilot test resul ted in no problems with the UE administration protocol. The moderator sight the pilot test subject/us er and collected the same quantitative and qualitative data that was to be collected from th e research 13/3/2013 050 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 5/12 http//ojni. rg/602/usability. htm subjectusers. The results of the pilot test showed that the UE protocol could be use d with subject/users without revision. Pre-training for UE. At 1230 p. m. July 2, 2001, the subjectusers arrived for the pr e UE training session. The moderator distri neverthelessed the UE packet and described the purpose and proce dures of the UE. The users were give n an opportunity to review the UE packet and to ask questions . Each of the three subjectusers signed consent forms before leaving the pre UE training. Administration of UE. Each of the three subject/users arrived at the moderators offi ce for the UE.The moderator reviewed the evaluation instructions and gave time for any additional q uestions to be effected. The following sequence of events occurred for the three users, each a) beg an the UE , 2) completed the task list, 3) responded to questions about the evaluation experience, 4 ) added thoughts or opinions regarding interaction with the Web interface, and 5) remaining the mo derators office in 45 minutes each. The executive used the remaining 15 minutes of each of the t hree hours to rewrite portions of notes taken during observation in preparation for the UE report o f results. toil list and description. The tasks were identified using the purposes and objective s of the UE. The task list includes 10 primary tasks for subject users to perform in navigation of the Website interface for the Oral Herpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcers prototype. The task list beginning(a) base wi th accessing the Website via the interface and progressing through the instructional unit follows. Because many of the 10 primary tasks were repeated the actual count of performing tasks is 31. labor movement 1 with the browser open go to www. etsu. edu/cpah/dental/dcte760.This task was elect to determine if users, indicating they had between 1 and 3 years experience with a Web b rowser, would have a problem accessing a Web site when given further a Web shroud without a dir ect link. Task 2 read the instructions on the first page of the Web site and click on the lin k that it directs you to go to first. This task was to determine the clarity of the Web interface in p roviding instructions for beginning the instructional unit. Task 3 click on assignment 1 Task 4 access the discussion forum and enter your name and email address .This task helped determine the Web interface design, by allowing for observing if users had difficulty locating the discussion forum field of operations and/or entering information into it. Task 5 When done in discussion forum, recall to assigning 1. This task will ident ify if users have difficulty returning to the designated page using the Web interface. Task 6 check off on duty assignment 2 Task 7 Read the content on Apthous Ulcers. This task requires users to read content on a Web page on the site. Task 8 cluck on the images on this page to enlarge them. This task determines the e ase of click navigation to enlarge thumbnail images. 3/3/2013 050 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 6/12 http//ojni. org/602/usability. htm Task 9 retort to appellative 2. This task determined if users could navigate the We b interface via a link taking them vertebral column to a designated page in the Web site. Task 10 adjudicate the study questions in identification 2. The study questions direct the user through a series of multiple-choice items in a linear fashion. Correct responses allow the u ser to continue to the next question while incorrect responses require the user to go rearward to the questi on and make another attempt to answer.Users cannot go to the next question until the previous q uestion is answered correctly. This task requires navigating through a series of questions with the potential for vent cover version and forth if an answer is wrong. This task determined if users could succe ssfully navigate the Web interface to the study questions Task 11 When the study questions are all answered, return to subsidization 2. This tas k again measures their ability to use the Web interface to return to a designated page in the Web site. Task 12 Click Assignment 3. Task 13 Read the entire case 2 Herpes Simplex.Again, users are required to read c ontent on the Web site exclusively they must use the Web interface design to do it succe ssfully. Task 14 When you have finished reading Case 2, return to Assignment 3. This task de termined if users could navigate the Web interface to a case study contained within the instructi onal unit and return to a designated page in the Web site. Task 15 Click on Assignment 4. Task 16 Go to Case 1. Task 17 Fill in the diagnosis form. This task required students to fold up a case, fill in case study information obtained from previous exercises.This task measures the Web interfaces ease of navigation using forms to complete information. Task 18 acquaint the Form. This task demonstrates if the Web interface allows for ea sy form submission upon completion. Task 19 Return to Assignment 4. User must complete a form by diagnosing the case s tudy patient in this assignment. This task determined if users could substantially navigate the case stud y, fill in the appropriate form fields, submit the form, and return to the designated page in the We b site. Task 20 Click on Assignm ent 5. Task 21 Go to the reflection form.This task demonstrates if the Web interface all ows users to navigate to the reflection form. Task 22 Write your reflections on the unit on the form. A form to reflect on the in structional unit is required for assignment 5. This task demonstrates if users will be able, through thi s Web interface, to make text edition entries in the appropriate form fields in the reflection form. 13/3/2013 050 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 7/12 http//ojni. org/602/usability. htm Task 23 Submit the form. The task determined if users could navigate the Web inter face to send the completed reflection form electronically.Task 24 Return to Assignment 5. Determines if users via the Web interface, can eas ily return to a designated page in the Web site. Task 25 Go to the course evaluation survey. An evaluation form is included in this instructional unit to determine student attitudes and satisfaction levels with the instructional un it. This task measures if the Web interface allows the user to good fold up a survey on the site. Task 26 unload the course evaluation survey. This task determined if users using the Web interface, could easily navigate a form to reply to the questions. Task 27 Submit the survey.This task measures whether the Web interface allows use rs to easily submit form information electronically. Task 28 Return to Assignment 5. This task measures the Web interface as it allows u ses to return to designated pages in the Web site with ease. Task 29 Go to the discussion forum. This task determined if the users could open t he forum and is a test of the Web interface design and its ease of promoting discussion. Task 30 Make a forum entry indicating that you have finished the usability evaluati on. This task measures the Web interface designs success with entering comments into a discussion forum.Task 31 Return to Assignment 5. This task measures the Web interface designs succ ess with returning us ers to designated pages in the Web site. (N=31 navigational tasks) Non-task performance measures. Following Nielsen, (2000a) subjectusers were asked t o use the think aloud method in conjunction with performance measures. The quantitative measu res to be evaluated included the 1) amount of time to complete the task list, 2) number of err ors per task, 3) number of users completing the task list successfully in the allotted time, and 4) at titude of users toward the Web interface.In addition to the quantitative measures, the administrato r collected qualitative data during and after the usability evaluation by each user. This UE was designed to measure the ease of undergraduate dental hygiene student user s navigation through the Oral Herpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcers instructional unit prot otype Web interface. Although all task completion or non completion allowed for tests of the in terface, the following three questions focus more directly on navigation of the prototype Web inte rface Do all the navigational links in this Web site work correctly?Is the organization of this Web site consistent? Is there any confusing terminology regarding navigation and organization on this Web site? Results The success or failure on each task performed as well as the qualitative data collect ed from the 13/3/2013 050 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 8/12 http//ojni. org/602/usability. htm post-test interview and the post-test questionnaire are reported. Because the tasks in the UE were short, the quantitative data collected was based on the entire task list and not on each task independently. Users had capable time to complete the enti re task list.There were 31Website interface navigation tasks completed by three subject/users with a total of seven navigation errors. 1. User 1 took 20 minutes to successfully complete the task list with one Web i nterface navigation error. 2. User 2 took 18 minutes to successfully complete the task list with three Web interfa ce navigation errors. 3. User 3 took 19 minutes to successfully complete the task list with three Web interface navigation errors Task 1 Users 1 and 2 completed task 1 easily and were able to successfully open t he designated Web site without Web interface navigation error.User 3 entered the Web site address in the search line of the Web browser, an error message was returned by the browser, and wherefore the user entered the Web site address in the address line of the browser and was able to successfully access the home page of the instructional unit via the Web site interface. In this c ase the navigational error relates to lack of knowledge about where to type in a Web address in a Web browser. Task 2 Read the instructions on the first page of the Web site and click on the lin k that your are directed to go to first.User 1 asked, Do I make the decision myself to go to assi gnment 1 or to the course syllabus? The administrator did not answer this question as the instruct ions o n the Web page indicated the first link. This error, while not hearty since both links ta ke the student to the appropriate Web page to begin the instructional unit as well as the usability evaluat ion, could add user frustration to the mix. Users 2 and 3 use the Web site interface on the first page of the Web site to readily access the ask location.Task 3, 4, and 5 Click on Assignment 1 and enter your name and email address in the discussion forum. When this task is complete, return to Assignment 1. User 1 was unable to re adily use the Web interface to access the discussion forum. This user consistently scrolled to the bottom of any page before reservation any choices about where to go next. This scrolling is not consider ed an error in the prototype but could indicate that the Web interface design needs revision to stop this behavior. Once the discussion forum was accessed, this user asked, Is this where I go to post my name? The administrator did answer in the affirmative an d the user continued with the task. Upon completion of the discussion forum entry user 1 could not navigate back to the desig nated page. The administrator finally intervened and instructed the user to use the back press release on the browser. The user then looked for the back key on the keyboard. Further instructi on from the administrator got the user back on task. When user 2 realized that the task involved a discussion forum, the user indicated n o previous 13/3/2013 050 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 9/12 ttp//ojni. org/602/usability. htm experience with discussion forums of any type. Her response was Am I being timed, b ecause here is the first problem? The administrator reassured the user that there is as much ti me as needed to perform the task. Upon submission of the discussion forum entry, user 2 chose the back get-up-and-go on the browser right away. User 3 got to the discussion forum easily, but then asked, Am I the subject? The administrator infor med the user that the responses in the form fields did not matter and that any i nformation could be entered in any field.Upon submission of the form entries, user 3 used the back firing on the browser but indicated that she thought only one click of the back button was sufficient. All users successfully completed the task. The Web interface design was not the culprit in these task struggles. Tasks 6, 7, 8, and 9 Click on Assignment 2. Read the content on Apthous Ulcers. Cl ick on the images to enlarge the view. Return to Assignment 2. Users 1 and 3 did not click o n the images to view a large pas seul of the image. Both disregarded this portion of the task com pletely.Perhaps the images were large enough for them. User 2 opened the larger view of the images a nd returned to the designated page in the Web site indicating no problem with the Web interface d esign in the area of enlarging images. All users returned to the designated page in the Web site, but only one user complete d the entire task successfully. Tasks 10 and 11 Answer the study questions in Assignment 2. When the study questio ns are all answered, return to Assignment 2. All users navigated through the study questions ea sily.User 1 expressed embarrassment, because the administrator of the UE is also a faculty member in the Department of Dental Hygiene, and the user did not want the administrator to know if the answers to the study questions were incorrect. The administrator reminded user 1 that the an swers to the questions were not the purpose of this evaluation. The Web site was being evaluated n ot the knowledge of the user. User 1 continued to navigate through the study questions, but indicated distress any time she chose an incorrect response to a study question.It is fictive this frustration related to having to go back and continue to answer until the answer was correct befo re going on. User 2 quickly realized that the links chosen by user 1 were a different color. Sin ce all users participated in the UE on the same computer, the visited hyperlinks were apparent. U ser 2 easily navigated the questions with much less distress about incorrect responses, because sh e realized that her peers had chosen incorrectly as well. User 3 also noticed the visited hyperlinks and navigated the questions without incident.However, user 3 had a problem choosing answers beca use the hyperlink was on only one letter, the user had devil positioning the mouse pointer exactly over the angiotensin converting enzyme letter link. The user clicked several times before realizing that the link ar ea was very small. This indicates an area of the Web interface design that needs improvement. All users successfully completed these tasks. Tasks 12, 13, and 14 Click on Assignment 3. Read Case 2. When you have finished re turn to Assignment 3. Users 1 and 3 quickly read the case and returned to the designated We b page.User 2 appeared to have accidentally clicked the wrong link and could not locate Cas e 2. The administrator provided instruction because the user seemed frustrated. After the user located the correct page, there was no problem completing the task. Here it is hard to distingui sh if this is a 13/3/2013 050 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 10/12 http//ojni. org/602/usability. htm Web interface design error or not. Tasks 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 Click on Assignment 4. Fill in the form. Submit the form. Return to Assignment 4. This was the first form in the Web site.User 1 began with OK, what is this? The user had never filled in a form and submitted it through a Web site. Users 2 and 3 both accessed and filled in the required information in the form fields and returned to the designa ted Web page easily. User 1 took more time, but successfully completed the task. Tasks 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 Click on Assignment 5. Go to the reflection form. Fill in the form. Submit the form. Return to Assignment 5. This was the second experience with the Web interface using a form. All three users accessed, filled in the form, and submitted the form wi thout a problem.Task 25, 26, 27, and 28 Go to the course evaluation survey. Complete the course eva luation survey. Submit the survey. Return to Assignment 5. Users 1 and 2 had difficulty loc ating the survey link on the page. Once the survey evaluation link was located, no user had any difficulty completing the task. User 3 completed the task easily, but after submission of the form, the user clicked on the back button to return to the designated Web page in the site. As use r 3 clicked on the back button she said, Is it erasing the form information if I am going back wi th the back button? The moderator assured her the action of the back button would not erase fo rm input after submission. Task 29, 30, and 31 Go to the Discussion Forum. Make a forum entry indicating that you have finished the UE. Return to Assignment 5. By task 31, all users were familiar with th e site and had no tro uble navigating the discussion forum and returning to the designated page in the W eb site. Upon completion of the task list, each user had the opportunity to comment on the Web site and offer suggestions and opinions. The following were offeredUser 1 indicated that she would be more comfortable if the administrator had not bee n watching her progress. She indicated being watched so closely do her very nervous and she th ought the site would have been much easier to navigate on her own. She indicated that she like d the set up of the Web interface and asked if there were going to be other sites like this for her u se in the dental hygiene curriculum. User 2 indicated that she liked the site and thought it was easy to use. User 3 lik ed the site and would like similar sites for other topics in the dental hygiene curriculum.She indi cated that she did not like using the back button after all the forms. All three users expressed nervo usness about being watched by the administrator. D iscussion A sample of three users completed this UE. Nielsen (2000b) indicates that three to f ive participants in a UE are adequate. Usability problems were identified in some part of nine of the ten primary tasks on the task list. In addition, some of the problems as told by the users, rela ted to 1) the administrator present during the UE was also a professor in the Department of Dental Hygiene in 3/3/2013 050 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 11/12 http//ojni. org/602/usability. htm which the user is a student, 2) the evaluation was conducted during the summer school session, and 3) all users were also students in the administrators class. Users reported being mo re nervous about the site content in the presence of this administrator. In future UE studies th e usability administrator should be a neutral observer The questionnaire completed by the users following the usability evaluation demonstra ted user satisfaction with the site.Shneiderman (1998) suggests users should give their subje ctive impressions of the Web interface. All but one of the responses indicated that the us ers were satisfied with the sites navigation and organization. The users indicated that the t erminology used in the site was clear, they were able to complete the assigned tasks easily, the site me t their needs, and the users liked the appearance of the site. The only responses not scored as sati sfactory were related to using the back button. Overall, all three users indicated the ease of na vigating the Web site interface was satisfactory. RecommendationsIt is evident from the results of this UE that Web-based interfaces for instructional words should be evaluated for usability problems. Corrections, suggested by the results, to the Oral Herpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcers instructional unit prototype and Web interface should be make and the site re-tested before continuing development of the remaining nine courses in the oral pat hology Web-based instructional unit series. The usability evaluation of the Oral Herpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcers Web-based inst ructional unit prototype resulted in the following recommendations for improvement to the Web site n avigation and organization. . This may be one time when the use of standard link colors should be violated. Students using the same computer to complete an instructional unit would be able to discern the answ ers chosen by the student previously using the computer. Changes in the Web interface design for te sts so that the link color does not change when a user chooses a particular response is recommended. 2. When assigning form submissions, provide a link to take the user back to the designated page in the Web site. The users in this UE did not like using the browsers back button after completing the forms nor following entries to the discussion forum.The Web site interface desig n will be changed so the confirmation pages following discussion forum postings and submission of forms will tak e the user back to the page accessed immediately prior to the form or discussion f orum. 3. The hyperlinks for the answers to study questions were not large enough. Cli cking on a one letter link made users have a hard time identifying the link. This Web site interfac e design will be corrected so that the entire cell in which the letter choices are located will be the hyperlink. ConclusionsThe UE conducted on the Oral Herpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcers instructional unit pro totype Web design interface proved to be a successful method for the determination of usability problems in a 13/3/2013 050 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 12/12 http//ojni. org/602/usability. htm Web-based instructional delivery method. The users identified usability problems with the Web interface as well as with their own skill or lack of skill with using any browser. Re commendations for revision have been identified by the police detective and will be implemented. Authors NoteShould anyone w ish to examine the Website and review the Herpes Simplex and Apthous U lcer instructional unit prototype it can be accessed at http//www. etsu. edu/cpah/dental/dcte760/. References Dumas, J. , & Redish, J. (1999). A Practical Guide to Usability testing. Portland In tellect Books. Fichter, D. (2000). Usability Testing Up Front. Online, 24 (1), 79-84. Graham, J. (2000). Usability Testing Basics. INT Media Group. Retrieved June 30, 2 001, from the gentlemans gentleman abundant Web http//clickz. com/print. jsp? article=2053. Hom, J. (1999). The Usability Testing Toolbox.Retrieved June 10, 2001, from the Wo rld Wide Web http//www. best. com/jthom/usability. Instone, I. (1999). User Test Your Web post An Introduction to Usability Testing. Retrieved July 1, 2001, from the World Wide Web http//instone. org/keith/howtotest/introduction. html. Nielsen, J. (2000a). conception Web Usability. Indianapolis New Riders Publishing. Nielsen, J. (2000b). Why You Only Need to Test with 5 Users. Ja kob Nielsens Alertb ox. Retrieved June 12, 2001, from the World Wide Web http//www. useit. com/alertbox/20000319. html. Rajani, R. , & Rosenberg, D. (1999).Usable? Or Not? Factors Affecting the Usability of Web Sites. CMC Magazine. Retrieved June 23, 2001, from the World Wide Web http//www. celestial latitude . com /cmc/mag/1999/jan/rakros. html. Rubin, J. (1994). Handbook of Usability Testing. New York Wiley. Shneiderman, B. (1998). Designing the User Interface. Strategies for Effective Huma n-Computer Interaction. Third Edition. Reading Addison-Wesley. Spool, J. , Scanlon, T. , Schroeder, W. , Snyder, C. , & DeAngelo, T. (1999). Web Site U sability A Designers Guide. San Francisco Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. 13/3/2013 050